Optimized siRNA-PEG conjugates for extended blood circulation and reduced urine excretion in mice.

Some of the main concerns with in vivo application of naked small interfering RNA are rapid degradation and urinary excretion resulting in a short plasma half-life. In this study we investigated how conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with variable chain length affects siRNA pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. The PEG chains were conjugated to chemically stabilized siRNA at the 5' terminal end of the passenger strand using click chemistry. The siRNA conjugate remained functionally active and showed significantly prolonged circulation in the blood stream after intravenous injection. siRNA conjugated with 20kDa PEG (PEG20k-siRNA) was most persistent, approximately 50% PEG20k-siRNA remained 1h post-injection, while the uncoupled siRNA was rapidly removed >90% at 15min. In vivo fluorescent imaging of the living animal showed increased concentration of siRNA in peripheral tissue and delayed urine excretion when coupled to PEG 20k. Biodistribution studies by northern blotting revealed equal distribution of conjugated siRNA in liver, kidney, spleen and lung without significant degradation 24 h post-injection. Our study demonstrates that PEG conjugated siRNA can be applied as a delivery system to improve siRNA bioavailability in vivo and may potentially increase the efficiency of siRNA in therapeutic applications.

1. Introduction

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism, which regulates the expression of genes. RNAi based therapy has demonstrated promising advantages but a main concern for siRNA is delivery in vivo. A particular issue is how to increase siRNA stability in serum, prolong its blood circulation and reduce urine excretion, so a large proportion of drug can reach the target cells in the body. Chemical modification of the siRNA backbone has resulted in increased stability and reduced immune reactions, increased specificity and even enhanced silencing effects 1-4. Aptamers and peptides are commonly conjugated to siRNA for in vivo application to improve target site delivery as well as to assist in translocation across the cell membrane 5-8. However, if the conjugates are small in relation to the glomerular barrier in the kidneys, they will exhibit reduced circulation time and minimal exposure to the target before they are excreted 9.

Conjugation of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) groups to molecules, a technique termed PEGylation, is widely used to improve in vivo pharmacokinetics of protein and chemical drugs, and represents a potential strategy to improve systemic siRNA delivery. PEGylation was first described in the 1970's 10 and there are now numerous PEGylated proteins and aptamers on the pharmaceutical market. Due to the chemical nature and the hydrodynamic size of PEG, PEGylation can lead to increased stability, reduced immunogenicity and prolonged circulation time 11. The high water coordination of the polymer increases the hydrodynamic volume 3-5 times compared to a globular protein of the same molecular weight and this shell protects against non-specific cell uptake, glomerular filtration and, to some extent, protects the siRNA from enzymatic degradation. Although some studies have been done to test the PEG modified siRNA in vitro 12,13, there is a shortage of detailed work investigating the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the PEG-siRNA conjugates in vivo 12,14.

In this study, we aimed to investigate how the length of the PEG chain influences circulation time and urine excretion. A siRNA sense strand, modified with an alkyne at the 5' end, was conjugated to 5, 10, 20 kDa PEG chains containing a terminal azide group. Additionally, the siRNA overhangs were LNA modified and PEG5k-siLNA, PEG10k-siLNA and PEG20k-siLNA were formed by annealing with the PEGgylated sense strand, respectively.

After annealing and purification, the conjugates were injected into the tail vein of mice. Real-time biodistribution in mice was monitored by an IVIS imaging system, a non-invasive optical imaging technique that provides a dynamic picture of the siRNA biodistribution and urine excretion. Also, RNA was extracted from blood and tissues at different time points and northern blotting was performed to analyze siRNA integrity. We found that in particular the longer PEG chains resulted in extended blood circulation and reduced urinary excretion of the siRNA upon conjugation without eliminating the RNAi function in vitro.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials

Chemicals and siRNAs: Methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) derivatives with a terminal azide group (mPEG-Azide, Mw 5, 10, 20 kD) were obtained from Nanocs (New York, USA). siRNAs against enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) with locked nucleic acid (siLNA) modification on 3'- overhang and with 5' - alkyne or 5'- amino modification was provided by RiboTask APS (Odense, Denmark). The sequence of EGFP siRNA: Hexynyl-5'-GACGUAAACGGCCACAAGUtc-3' (sense) and 5'-GGUCAUCCAUGACAACUUUtt-3' (antisense), small letters denote LNA nucleotides. TBTA (tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine), sodium ascorbate, CuSO4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany).

2.2. Cell lines and siRNA Transfection Reagents

Human lung cancer cell line (H1299) stably expressing EGFP was kindly provided by Dr. Anne Chauchereau (CNRS, Villejuif, France). LipofectamineTM2000, RPMI 1640 culture medium, Penicillin/Streptomycin, Geneticin, Trypsin-EDTA, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10×TBE buffer (pH 8.4±0.10) were purchased from Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, USA). Commercial transfection reagent, TransIT-TKO was obtained from Mirus Corporation (Madison, WI, USA) and LipofectamineTM2000 was from Invitrogen (Copenhagen).

2.3a. Synthesis of siRNA-PEG Conjugates

siRNA-PEG conjugates were synthesized by employing a 'click chemistry' protocol . In a standard synthesis hexynyl-siLNA and Azido-PEG were dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.6 and DMSO. TBTA and CuSO4 were dissolved sequentially using the same buffer system, added to the Azido-PEG/siRNA mixture and activated by the addition of an ascorbic acid stock solution. The final concentrations of the various chemicals in the conjugation reaction between mPEG-Azido and alkyne modified siLNA are shown in Table 1. The reaction was incubated for 3½ hours at room temperature.

Table 1

Concentration of the Click Chemistry reagents

mPEG-Azide	1 mM
Phosphate buffer pH 6.6	25 mM
Sodium Ascorbate	20 mM
CuSO4	400 µM
Alkyne modified siLNA sense	125 µM
TBTA	3 mM

To analyze and purify the conjugates, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed on an Agilent 1200 Series system using a Phenomenex Biosep-2000 SEC column. Eluents were HPLC-grade TEAA (triethylammonium acetate) buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0). Samples were loaded in TEAA buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0), and fractions collected in 96-well plates. Product containing fractions were pooled and freeze-dried. In order to verify the success of reaction, the various PEG-siRNA conjugates were analyzed using denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis (12% denaturing polyacrylamide gel, 20 W, 60 min)

2.3b Atto 647N Labeling of siRNAs

5ʹ-Amino modified siLNAs (20 nmol, 10 μL) were incubated with Atto 647N-NHS (100 nmol, 10 μL in DMSO) in 60 μL of a 1:1 mixture of 0.1 M HEPES (pH 7.8) and DMSO for 6 h. The crude dye-labeled siLNAs were precipitated by addition of 10 μL 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 400 μL of a aceton/EtOH mixture (1:1), cooled to -20 °C for 1 h and centrifuged (12000 g, 1 h). The resulting pellet was washed three times with EtOH p.a. and dissolved in 40 μL nuclease-free water. The oligonucleotides were further purified by RP-HPLC on an analytical Phenomenex Kinetex XB-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm) using a TEAA/MeCN gradient buffer system (50 mM TEAA pH: 7.0). The product containing fractions were pooled and freeze-dried.

2.4 Efficiency of Gene Silencing of PEGylated siRNA in vitro

Human lung cancer cell line (H1299) stably expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EFGP) was used to test the gene silencing efficiency of PEGylated siRNA. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% Geneticin at 37 °C in 5% CO2 and 100% humidity. For EGFP inhibition studies, cells were plated on 24-well plates (105 cells/well) 24 h before transfection. siRNA or PEGylated siRNA was mixed with cationic carrier TransIT-TKO or LipofectamineTM2000 according to commercial protocol and added at 50 nM final siRNA concentration per well. After overnight incubation, the media was replaced with 500 μl fresh cell culturing media. The cells were left for another 24 h and then harvested using a standard trypsin protocol and resuspended in PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde. The EGFP expression level of each sample was measured using Becton Dickenson FACS Calibur flow cytometer. A histogram plot with log green fluorescence intensity (FL-1) on the x-axis and cell number on the y-axis was used to define median fluorescence intensity of the main cell population was defined by scatter properties.

2.5 Fluorescence microscopy

Transfection efficiency and cellular uptake were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in human lung cancer cell line (H1299). Transfection was performed as described above, but with Atto 647N labeled siRNA for all formulations. Cells were incubated overnight and washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 3 times. The fluorescence images were taken using an Olympus IX71 fluorescence microscope and analysed by the CellSense Standard Control Software (ver 1.3 Build 7990).

2.6 Evaluation of Blood Clearance and Biodistribution in mice

Balb/c mice (~ 25 g) were chosen to investigate the impact of MWs of PEG on siRNA pharmacokinetics. 10 µg siLNA duplex in 200 µl volumes (corresponding to approximately ~ 400 µg/kg body weight) either alone or conjugated with PEG5k, PEG10k or PEG20k were administered via tail vein injection (n=2 for each formulation). Blood samples were collected at 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post-injection, and immediately immersed into liquid nitrogen for subsequent RNA isolation. A piece (~ 5x5x5 mm corresponding to 50 to 100 mg) of kidney, liver, spleen and lung tissue was dissected and transferred into 1.0 ml RNAlater (Qiagen, Denmark) at 24 h when the experiment was terminated.

Pharmacokinetic studies of PEG20k with 24 h as ending point were also performed in Balb/c mice (~ 25 g) (n=4). For i.v. administration, 10 µg siLNA duplex in 200 µl volumes either with or without PEG20k conjugation were injected by tail vein. 30-40 µl blood samples obtained by orbital puncture were collected into EDTA tubes, at 1, 5, 15, 30 min and 24 h time points. Organs obtained at experimental end point were dissected and stored in RNAlater as described above.

2.7 Gel Electrophoresis and Determination of siRNA Integrity by Northern Blotting

Total RNA was purified by Trizol® reagent (Invitrogen) from frozen blood samples and organ tissue in RNAlater. Two micrograms of RNA from blood and 4 µg RNA from tissues were run on 15% denaturing polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto Hybond-N+ membrane (Amersham Biosciences). After UV cross-linking, the membranes were probed with [γ-32P] ATP labelled sense strand LNA modified siRNA according to standard procedures. The membranes were analyzed on a Typhoon phosphorimager to visualize the antisense strand signal that bound with 32P labeled sense strand of the siRNA 3.

2.8 In vivo Fluorescence Imaging in Mice using IVIS Imaging System

Hair from the back and the abdomen of Balb/c mice was removed by shaving to avoid autofluorescence during imaging. Seven hundred fifteen pmol siLNA duplex in 200 µl volume either with or without PEG20k conjugation were administered by tail vein injection, PBS was injected as blank control, resulting in a total of 3 groups (n=2). The mice were scanned using an IVIS® 200 imaging system (Xenogen, Caliper Life Sciences) under anesthesia with 2.5% isoflurane. Fluorescence excitation (λex= 640 nm) and emission (λem = 700 nm) filters were used to visualize Atto 647N labeled siLNAs. Identical illumination settings, including exposure time (1s), binning factor (medium), f-stop (2), and fields of view (13 × 13 cm), were used for all image acquisitions. Total emission from inflicted areas (Region of Interest, ROI) of each mouse was quantified with Living Image 4.0 software package. The ratio of average radiant efficiency [(photons/sec/cm2/sr)/(µW/cm2) ] in bladder/ in nose was calculated, to compare the urine excretion and blood circulation. The radiance unit of photons/sec/cm2/sr is the number of photons per second that leave a square centimeter of tissue and radiate into a solid angle of one steradian (sr).

All procedures of animal work were approved by "The Experimental Animal Inspectorate in Denmark" under The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries.

2.9 Statistical Analysis

Paired Student's T-test was performed for evaluation of knockdown effects in in vitro gene silencing experiment.

3. Results

3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of PEGylated siRNA

Alkyne modified siLNA passenger strand and azide modified PEG chains of different length were coupled using the copper catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Huisgen Cycloaddition (Fig. 1A). After annealing of the guide strand the PEG-siRNA conjugate was purified by size exclusion chromatography (Fig. 1B) and analyzed on a native polyacrylamide gel (Fig. 1C). The migration of the PEG-siRNA conjugates was retarded proportionally with molecular weight of the PEG chain presumably due to the increased hydrodynamic radius and lowered charge density of the construct. All complexes appeared as distinct bands indicating that highly homogenous products are formed (Fig. 1C).

Figure 1

Reaction scheme, purification and purity of obtained product. A: Reaction scheme showing the conjugation between siRNA and PEG by Azide-Alkyne Huisgen Cyclo addition. B: Size exclusion HLPC chromatograms after the reaction between siRNA and PEG10k (left) and PEG20k (right). The first and second peak in both chromatograms represents PEG-siRNA and unreacted siRNA, respectively. C: Analysis of the final conjugation product in 12 % non-denaturing gel polyacrylamide gel. Lane 1: naked siRNA, Lane 2: PEG5k-siRNA, Lane 3: PEG10k-siRNA, and Lane 4: PEG20k-siRNA.

3.2 Efficiency of Gene Silencing of PEGylated siRNA in vitro

PEGylation of siRNA may interfere with RNAi potency. In order to investigate the interference of PEGylation on gene silencing, we used both LipofectamineTM2000 (Invitrogen, Copenhagen) and TKO-Mirus (Madison, WI) for transfection of PEG-siRNA conjugates in EGFP expressing H1299 cells. The cellular uptake of siLNA alone and all types of PEG-siLNA was comparable (Supplementary Material: Fig. S1). However, the knockdown effects of PEG5k-siLNA, PEG10k-siLNA and PEG20k-siLNA were 60, 55, and 50%, respectively, which were somewhat diminished compared to the knockdown of unmodified siLNA (85-90%; Fig. 2), but still significantly down regulated compared to the untreated control cells (p<0.05 or 0.01).

Figure 2

Gene Silencing of PEGylated siRNA . EGFP knockdown in EGFP expressing H1299 cells by EGFP specific siLNA and siLNA conjugated with different MW PEG and formulated using LipofectamineTM2000 or Mirus-TKO. All constructs were applied at 50 nM final concentration of siRNA under serum free condition. EGFP expression was analyzed by flow cytometer and data were obtained from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± SD (n=3). Significant downregulation of EGFP expression was observed among all treatments (**p<0.001 or *p<0.05).

3.3 Extended Blood Circulation, Decreased Renal Excretion and Wide Organ Distribution of PEGylated siRNA in Mice

To assess the effect of PEGylation on siRNA half-life in the blood stream, siLNA, PEG5k-siLNA, PEG10k-siLNA and PEG20k-siLNA were injected into mice via the tail vein. We previously demonstrated that unmodified siRNA is rapidly degraded in less than 1 min after intravenous (i.v.) injection in mice, contrary to siRNA with two 3'-end LNA-modified overhangs (siLNA), which exhibits a half-life of up to 5 min with intact siLNA being detected at least at 30 min post-injection 3 (Fig.3A). In the present study blood samples were collected at 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post injection. In accordance with previous observations (6), siLNA was rapidly removed from the bloodstream exhibiting a > 90 % decline after 15 min (relative to the 1 min time point). In contrast, ~50 % of the PEG20k-siLNA remained in circulation after 1 h and ~15-25 % after 2 h, demonstrating a strong influence of PEG20k on siLNA half-life. PEG10k also had a substantial impact on blood stability of siLNA (PEG10k-siLNA), with ~25% remaining at 30 min and >5% after 1 h. PEG5k (PEG5k-siLNA) only had a slight effect on siLNA blood levels (Fig. 3A). The siRNA levels and integrity were analyzed in the organs 2 h post-injection (Fig. 3B). We observed that non-PEGylated siLNA accumulated in kidneys and lungs consistent with previous observations 3 15. Conjugation of PEG5k had only little influence on the biodistribution pattern whereas PEG10k-conjugation enhanced the intensity of the siLNA for all four organs. Biodistribution analysis of PEG20k-siLNA yielded a different pattern with spleen being the most strongly targeted organ and a general increase in all other organs. In conclusion, PEG20k-siLNA clearly exhibited the most extended circulation time in the blood stream leading to a more even distribution in different organs. This observation was confirmed by an additional experiment within 4 mice that were terminated at 24 h post-injection with PEG20k-siLNA. The siLNA was accumulated in four organs with similar intensity (Fig. 3C), with no detectable signal in either the blood samples collected at same time point (Supplementary Material: Fig. S2), or in any organs from mice injected with siLNA alone (mouse 5 and mouse 6 in Fig.3C), indicating that PEG20k could preserve siRNA as an intact molecule within various tissues, even longer than it did in the circulation.

Figure 3

Influence of PEG MW on siRNA blood clearance and organ distribution in mice. Northern blot was performed for analysis of siLNA, PEG5k-siLNA, PEG10k-siLNA and PEG20k-siLNA after i.v. injection of 200 μl in mice (n=2). (A), siRNA stability in blood circulation: The main band, corresponding to intact siRNA, was harvested at the indicated time points post injection. Loading order: lanes 1-3 controls, (C, C1 and C2) correspond to 1, 0.5 and 0.1 ng unformulated siRNA, respectively, for all 4 blots; lanes 3-7 and 8-12, RNA samples from blood harvested 1, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min post injection from mouse 1 and 2 in each group, respectively. (B). siRNA biodistribution: Lane 1, 0.1 ng siRNA (Control); lanes 2-5 and 6-9 are samples obtained from organs (Lu-lung, Sp-spleen, Ki-kidney and Li-liver) from mouse 1 and 2 at 2 h, respectively; two blots represented mice injected with siLNA/PEG5k-siLNA, and PEG10k-siLNA/PEG20k-siLNA, respectively. (C). PEG20k-siLNA biodistribution 24 h postinjection: Lane 1, 0.1 ng siRNA (Control); lanes 2-5, 6-9, 10-13 and 14-17 are samples from organs (lung, spleen, kidney and liver) from mouse 1 - 4, respectively, and the same order of loading was performed for mouse 5 and mouse 6 which injected with siLNA alone.

3.4 Tracking siLNA conjugates by in vivo fluorescence imaging

Optical imaging of living animals provides a non-invasive technique that enables real-time monitoring of fluorescently labeled siRNA biodistribution and excretion. In this study we i.v. injected Atto647N labeled siLNA conjugated either with or without PEG20k and scanned the mice from 5 min up to 24 h post-injection.

We observed that PEG20k-conjugation significantly retarded the siLNA accumulation in the bladder, peaking at around 3 h (Fig. 4A) This contrasts with naked siLNA which peaked in the bladder 5 min post injection (Fig. 4A). The signal in urine was exclusively seen for naked siLNA already at 1 min after injection (Example shown as Supplementary Material: Fig. S3), clearly demonstrating a significant effect of PEG20k on urine excretion. To quantitate the effect, we calculated the ratio of the average radiant efficiency in bladder vs. nose&mouth (which is rich in capillary blood vessels). The ratio in the unmodified siLNA treated group was significantly higher than for the PEG20k-siLNA treated group with the most dramatic difference around 1 h post injection (Fig. 4B). A significant amount of PEG20k-siLNA is still circulating at 3 h post-injection, indicated by the strong signals from eyes, nose and paws (Fig. 4A). In contrast, the unmodified siLNA signal was only seen in the kidneys further underlining the improved circulation of PEGylated siRNA.

Figure 4

Fluorescence imaging of siLNA and PEG20k-siLNA in live mice. Mice were shaved and fluorophore Atto647N labeled siLNA, Atto647N labeled PEG20k-siLNA and buffer were administered i.v. (n=2). Fluorescent scanning was performed at the indicated time points post-injection. (A), Columns 1-5, images from the ventral side of the mouse at 5 m, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h and 24 h, showing the signals at mouth/nose and bladder; (B), images from dorsal side after 3h, showing signals from paws, ears and kidney. (C), To quantify the signal intensity of images from 4A, the average radiant efficiency [(photons/sec/cm2/sr)/(µW/cm2)] was measured using a Living Image 4.0 software package. Ratios of radiance efficiency at the region of interest (ROI) (Bladder/Nose & Mouth) at the indicated time points are presented.

4. Discussion

In the present study we investigated the impact of conjugation of PEG to siRNA in terms of gene silencing in cell culture, blood circulation and biodistribution as well as urinary excretion in mice.

We demonstrated that the use of the copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction resulted in the successful construction of stable siRNA-PEG conjugates, which was confirmed by both HPLC and gel electrophoresis. Moreover, siRNA bioactivity was conserved during conjugation strategy. We observed a slight inhibition of silencing effect after attaching PEG with longer PEG chains displaying higher inhibition. The silencing potential of siRNA-PEG conjugates has previously been investigated by Jung et al. 13. Their data also showed a modest 15% decline in gene silencing efficiency when a PEG5K was attached to the 3' end of the sense strand via a non-cleavable thioether bond. This impeded silencing is not due to decreased cellular uptake after PEGylation (Supplementary Material: Fig. S1), but rather due to the possible interference of PEG chains with the interaction between siRNA-PEG and Dicer as suggested by Jung et al. 13. Coupling a targeting ligand at the distal end of PEG or introducing a cleavable bond such as disulfide might be able to solve this problem 13.

In our in vivo experiments we found that PEG20k was able to postpone urine excretion, extend circulation time and results in a more even distribution pattern in the various organs.

Prolonged blood circulation is of utmost importance for siRNA delivery in vivo. The life time of unmodified siRNA ranges from 1 min to 5-6 min in the bloodstream according to previous reports 3,16,17. To improve the stability of siRNA in blood and to extend its circulation time various options are available: chemical modification on the backbone, conjugation with peptide, antibody or other macromolecules, as well as formulation with non-viral carriers have been widely applied. Conjugation with cholesterol improved half-life with up to 95 min evaluated by radioactivity measurement 16, and >30 min by direct gel electrophoresis for pre-labelled siRNA combined with northern blot analysis 3. The conjugation of PEG can greatly reduce undesired effects such as immune response, unspecific interactions and degradation 12,13, indicating a broad potential in RNAi based therapeutics. In the current study we show that PEG20k can prolong half-life of LNA modified siRNA from ~5 min up to 1 h in blood circulation.

Scintillation counting and fluorescence measurements are frequently used to detect the radioactivity or fluorescence signal of labelled siRNA in circulation, due to the challenge of isolating RNA from limited materials e.g. blood samples at multiple time points 17. However, this is misleading due to contribution of degraded siRNA molecules to the signal. Hence, evaluation of intact siRNA half-life in blood by northern blotting is preferred, because this method can assess both the amount and the integrity of the siRNA 17,18.

When using chemically stabilized siRNA renal excretion is probably the dominating pathway for siRNA disappearance from the blood. In order to improve the circulatory half-life and concomitant siRNA dissemination into the organs 19, it is required to reduce kidney glomerular filtration 20. Even small chemical modifications can provoke major changes in biodistribution and in vivo bioactivity, e.g. LNA overhang modification, single nucleotide modification by UNA incorporation can significantly increase stability in blood circulation, enhance the nuclease resistance and in vivo gene silencing 4. Fluorescently labelled siRNA can readily be monitored by in vivo imaging which allows for real time monitoring of whole body siRNA distribution at multiple time points in the same animals, thereby dramatically minimizing the number of mice required. Noninvasive living imaging has been employed previously to assess siRNA delivery in vivo e.g. by positron emission tomography (PET)21-23, scintigraphic images24 and fluorescence imaging scanner25.

In our study living imaging demonstrated that the PEG20k modification significantly delays urine excretion compared to naked siLNA. This result is consistent with previous studies which showed that the fluorescence signal of naked siRNA accumulated in the bladder almost immediately after intravenous administration of siRNA 1, 24. Similarly, siRNA was observed to be rapidly cleared by the kidneys and excreted into urine in mice using Near-Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging 26.

5. Conclusion

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of PEG on siRNA pharmacokinetic and biodistribution in mice. Firstly, conjugation of PEG to siRNA was carried out effectively using a click chemistry approach. Secondly, the PEG conjugation was found to prolong circulation time and reduce urine excretion of siRNA. Thirdly, optical imaging could be used to monitor the siRNA circulation and urine excretion in a dynamic fashion and may be useful for a rapid screen of siRNA distribution in vivo. The information gathered is applicable in the design of carrier-free siRNA delivery systems for a successful knockdown in vivo.

Fig.S1 - S3.

Click here for additional data file.