PURPOSE: A 3.0-T MRI phantom (called the CAGN-3.0T phantom) having human-equivalent relaxation times and human-equivalent conductivity was developed. METHODS: The ingredients of the phantom are carrageenan (as a gelatinizer), agarose (as a T2-relaxation modifier), GdCl3 (as a T1-relaxation modifier), NaCl (as a conductivity modifier), and NaN3 (as an antiseptic). Numerous samples with varying concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl were prepared, and T1 and T2 values were measured using 3.0-T MRI. RESULTS: The T1 values of the CAGN-3.0T phantom were unaffected by NaCl, while the T2 values were only slightly affected. Based on the measured data, empirical formulae were devised to express the relationships between the concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl and the relaxation times. The formula for expressing the conductivity of the CAGN-3.0T phantom was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: By adjustments to the concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl, the relaxation times and conductivity of almost all types of human tissues can be simulated by CAGN-3.0T phantoms. The phantoms have T1 values of 395-2601 ms, T2 values of 29-334 ms, and conductivity of 0.27-1.26 S/m when concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl are varied from 0 to 2.0 w/w%, 0 to 180 μmol/kg, and 0 to 0.7 w/w%, respectively. The CAGN-3.0T phantom has sufficient strength to replicate the torso without using reinforcing agents, and can be cut with a knife into any shape.
PURPOSE: A 3.0-T MRI phantom (called the CAGN-3.0T phantom) having human-equivalent relaxation times and human-equivalent conductivity was developed. METHODS: The ingredients of the phantom are carrageenan (as a gelatinizer), agarose (as a T2-relaxation modifier), GdCl3 (as a T1-relaxation modifier), NaCl (as a conductivity modifier), and NaN3 (as an antiseptic). Numerous samples with varying concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl were prepared, and T1 and T2 values were measured using 3.0-T MRI. RESULTS: The T1 values of the CAGN-3.0T phantom were unaffected by NaCl, while the T2 values were only slightly affected. Based on the measured data, empirical formulae were devised to express the relationships between the concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl and the relaxation times. The formula for expressing the conductivity of the CAGN-3.0T phantom was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: By adjustments to the concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl, the relaxation times and conductivity of almost all types of human tissues can be simulated by CAGN-3.0T phantoms. The phantoms have T1 values of 395-2601 ms, T2 values of 29-334 ms, and conductivity of 0.27-1.26 S/m when concentrations of agarose, GdCl3, and NaCl are varied from 0 to 2.0 w/w%, 0 to 180 μmol/kg, and 0 to 0.7 w/w%, respectively. The CAGN-3.0T phantom has sufficient strength to replicate the torso without using reinforcing agents, and can be cut with a knife into any shape.
Authors: Lina A Colucci; Kristin M Corapi; Matthew Li; Xavier Vela Parada; Andrew S Allegretti; Herbert Y Lin; Dennis A Ausiello; Matthew S Rosen; Michael J Cima Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2019-07-24 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: Paula M C Donahue; Rachelle Crescenzi; Allison O Scott; Vaughn Braxton; Aditi Desai; Seth A Smith; John Jordi; Ingrid M Meszoely; Ana M Grau; Rondi M Kauffmann; Raeshell S Sweeting; Kandace Spotanski; Sheila H Ridner; Manus J Donahue Journal: Lymphat Res Biol Date: 2017-03 Impact factor: 2.589
Authors: Fabian Adams; Tian Qiu; Andrew Mark; Benjamin Fritz; Lena Kramer; Daniel Schlager; Ulrich Wetterauer; Arkadiusz Miernik; Peer Fischer Journal: Ann Biomed Eng Date: 2016-11-09 Impact factor: 3.934