How does psychoeducation help? A review of the effects of providing information about Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that often co-occur. They are both stigmatized and misunderstood conditions. This review critically appraises studies examining interventions using psychoeducational approaches in TS and ADHD. Studies examining the impact of providing educational information (or diagnostic label) about TS and ADHD to parents, teachers and peers (child and adult) were identified by searching relevant electronic databases, reference lists and citations, and consulting colleagues. Twenty-two studies were identified, 20 of which involved teachers or peers. The studies indicate that providing educational information increases knowledge, positive attitudes and behaviours towards individuals with TS and ADHD. Provision of a diagnostic label alone appears insufficient. Parental education may improve treatment enrolment and adherence. While the findings are encouraging, there are a number of gaps in the literature. These include the effects of giving information to parents, whether changes are maintained over time, or are generalizable to the population. Studies are needed to investigate the optimal way to present educational information in everyday contexts in order to improve the lives of those with TS and ADHD.