Oncological and renal medical importance of kidney-sparing surgery.

In the past decade, the medical and oncological rationale for kidney-sparing surgical approaches for small renal masses has been clarified. Although radical nephrectomy is still necessary for many patients diagnosed with large renal tumours, accumulating evidence indicates that partial nephrectomy provides equivalent oncological outcomes while also preserving renal function and preventing the adverse cardiovascular effects of chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, approximately 45% of resected small renal tumours are benign or indolent, with limited--if any--metastatic potential. Patients who develop kidney cancer often have medical comorbidities that can affect kidney function, such as diabetes and hypertension, and histological examination of the non-tumour-bearing elements of the kidney demonstrate significant pathological changes in the vast majority of patients. For elderly patients or patients with comorbidities, active surveillance provides an alternative kidney-sparing approach, and is associated with extremely low rates of clinical disease progression and metastases. Despite these important advances in understanding, which support the use of partial nephrectomy for the treatment of small renal masses, the technique remains underused.