Relentless pulmonary vein stenosis: a contemporary approach to a recurring problem.

Pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis is a known complication of PV isolation procedures for atrial fibrillation. Treatment can be percutaneous or surgical. We describe in this report a case of recurring PV stenosis after both surgical and percutaneous procedures, highlighting a number of novel interventional techniques. We also provide a review of literature regarding intervening in pulmonary vein occlusion.