Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo1, Leila D Amorim2, Neuza M Alcantara-Neves1, Sheila M A Matos3, Philip J Cooper4,5, Laura C Rodrigues6, Mauricio L Barreto3. 1. Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. 2. Instituto de Matemática, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. 3. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Bahia, Salvador, Brazil. 4. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool and London, United Kingdom. 5. Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador. 6. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that improved hygiene and reduced experience of infections in childhood influences the development of allergic diseases. The mechanisms by which the hygiene operates are not well established but are underpinned by two apparently incompatible immunologic paradigms, the balance of TH1 versus TH2 cytokines and IL-10-mediated regulation of TH2 cytokines. OBJECTIVE: This study defined immunologic phenotypes with the use of latent class analysis and investigated their associations with environmental factors, markers of allergy and asthma, in a Latin American population. METHODS: We studied 1127 children living in urban Brazil. Data on wheeze and environmental exposures were collected with standardized questionnaires. Atopy was measured by specific IgE in serum and skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens. Cytokines were measured in culture after the stimulation of peripheral blood leukocytes with mitogen. Infections with pathogens were assessed by serology and stool examinations. Children were classified as having high or low burden of infection. Latent class analysis was used to identify immune phenotypes on the basis of cytokine production. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the adjusted effects of environment and burden of infection on the immunologic phenotypes and the effect of the phenotypes on atopy and asthma. RESULTS: Three phenotypes were identified, labeled underresponsive, intermediate, and responsive. Children of more educated mothers, living in improved environmental conditions, and with a low burden of infection were significantly more likely to have the responsive phenotype. The responsive phenotype was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of atopy but not asthma. CONCLUSION: Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the immune mechanisms by which the hygiene hypothesis operates in urban Latin America.
BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that improved hygiene and reduced experience of infections in childhood influences the development of allergic diseases. The mechanisms by which the hygiene operates are not well established but are underpinned by two apparently incompatible immunologic paradigms, the balance of TH1 versus TH2 cytokines and IL-10-mediated regulation of TH2 cytokines. OBJECTIVE: This study defined immunologic phenotypes with the use of latent class analysis and investigated their associations with environmental factors, markers of allergy and asthma, in a Latin American population. METHODS: We studied 1127 children living in urban Brazil. Data on wheeze and environmental exposures were collected with standardized questionnaires. Atopy was measured by specific IgE in serum and skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens. Cytokines were measured in culture after the stimulation of peripheral blood leukocytes with mitogen. Infections with pathogens were assessed by serology and stool examinations. Children were classified as having high or low burden of infection. Latent class analysis was used to identify immune phenotypes on the basis of cytokine production. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the adjusted effects of environment and burden of infection on the immunologic phenotypes and the effect of the phenotypes on atopy and asthma. RESULTS: Three phenotypes were identified, labeled underresponsive, intermediate, and responsive. Children of more educated mothers, living in improved environmental conditions, and with a low burden of infection were significantly more likely to have the responsive phenotype. The responsive phenotype was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of atopy but not asthma. CONCLUSION: Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the immune mechanisms by which the hygiene hypothesis operates in urban Latin America.
Authors: Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves; Rafael Valente Veiga; Vitor Camilo Cavalcante Dattoli; Rosimeire Leovigildo Fiaccone; Renata Esquivel; Álvaro Augusto Cruz; Philip John Cooper; Laura Cunha Rodrigues; Maurício Lima Barreto Journal: J Allergy Clin Immunol Date: 2011-10-27 Impact factor: 10.793
Authors: Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo; Mauricio L Barreto; Laura C Rodrigues; Philip J Cooper; Nívea Bispo Silva; Leila D Amorim; Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves Journal: Infect Immun Date: 2010-04-19 Impact factor: 3.441
Authors: Mauricio L Barreto; Sergio S Cunha; Rosemeire Fiaccone; Renata Esquivel; Leila D Amorim; Sheila Alvim; Matildes Prado; Alvaro A Cruz; Philip J Cooper; Darci N Santos; Agostino Strina; Neuza Alcantara-Neves; Laura C Rodrigues Journal: Respir Res Date: 2010-12-01
Authors: Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo; Neuza Maria Alcântara-Neves; Rafael Veiga; Leila D Amorim; Vitor Dattoli; Lívia Ribeiro Mendonça; Samuel Junqueira; Bernd Genser; Mariese Santos; Lain Carlos Pontes de Carvalho; Philip J Cooper; Laura Rodrigues; Maurício L Barreto Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2009-01-09 Impact factor: 9.031
Authors: Cintia Rodrigues Marques; Gustavo No Costa; Thiago Magalhães da Silva; Pablo Oliveira; Alvaro A Cruz; Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves; Rosemeire L Fiaccone; Bernardo L Horta; Fernando Pires Hartwig; Esteban G Burchard; Maria Pino-Yanes; Laura C Rodrigues; Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa; Alexandre C Pereira; Mateus H Gouveia; Hanaisa P Sant Anna; Eduardo Tarazona-Santos; Maurício Lima Barreto; Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo Journal: Eur J Hum Genet Date: 2017-01-25 Impact factor: 4.246
Authors: Gennaro D'Amato; Stephen T Holgate; Ruby Pawankar; Dennis K Ledford; Lorenzo Cecchi; Mona Al-Ahmad; Fatma Al-Enezi; Saleh Al-Muhsen; Ignacio Ansotegui; Carlos E Baena-Cagnani; David J Baker; Hasan Bayram; Karl Christian Bergmann; Louis-Philippe Boulet; Jeroen T M Buters; Maria D'Amato; Sofia Dorsano; Jeroen Douwes; Sarah Elise Finlay; Donata Garrasi; Maximiliano Gómez; Tari Haahtela; Rabih Halwani; Youssouf Hassani; Basam Mahboub; Guy Marks; Paola Michelozzi; Marcello Montagni; Carlos Nunes; Jay Jae-Won Oh; Todor A Popov; Jay Portnoy; Erminia Ridolo; Nelson Rosário; Menachem Rottem; Mario Sánchez-Borges; Elopy Sibanda; Juan José Sienra-Monge; Carolina Vitale; Isabella Annesi-Maesano Journal: World Allergy Organ J Date: 2015-07-14 Impact factor: 4.084
Authors: C A Figueiredo; L D Amorim; M Vaca; M E Chico; A C Campos; M L Barreto; P J Cooper Journal: World Allergy Organ J Date: 2016-11-03 Impact factor: 4.084
Authors: Valdirene Leão Carneiro; Hugo Bernardino Ferreira da Silva; Gerson de Almeida Queiroz; Rafael Valente Veiga; Pablo Rafael Silveira Oliveira; Norma Vilany Queiroz Carneiro; Anaque de Oliveira Pires; Raimon Rios da Silva; Flavia Sena; Emilia Belitardo; Regina Nascimento; Milca Silva; Cintia Rodrigues Marques; Ryan Dos Santos Costa; Neuza Maria Alcantra-Neves; Mauricio L Barreto; Philip J Cooper; Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2021-02-22 Impact factor: 7.561
Authors: Bernd Genser; Joachim E Fischer; Camila A Figueiredo; Neuza Alcântara-Neves; Mauricio L Barreto; Philip J Cooper; Leila D Amorim; Marcus D Saemann; Thomas Weichhart; Laura C Rodrigues Journal: BMC Immunol Date: 2016-05-20 Impact factor: 3.615