Glia-based biomarkers and their functional role in the CNS.

Glial cells, a close partner to neurons, are able to communicate with each other and with neurons through secreted proteins and other molecules. Secreted proteins in the extracellular environment probably play a direct role in the control and regulation of numerous biological and disease processes in the nervous system. Provision of precise diagnosis and prognosis to patients with a neurological disorder is problematic. Glial activation is a hallmark of every type of injury to the nervous system. In these circumstances, it is the glial biomarker whose development and implementation can be the most suitable approach to assessment of neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Here, the importance of glial secreted proteins as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and their functional contribution to regulation of neuroinflammation are reviewed. Evidence for the use of glia-based biomarkers for improvement of diagnostic and prognostic accuracy is also summarized and recommendations for future glia-based biomarker research are provided.