President's address of the 65th annual scientific meeting of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery: challenges for advanced esophageal cancer.

Advanced esophageal tumors have been a challenge for surgery since the very beginning, and these challenges continue still today. In the early period of three-field lymphadenectomy (late 1980s), there was no special attention paid to tracheal necrosis after such an extended operation. In 1988, we reported functional mediastinal dissection preserving the right bronchial artery to prevent such complications. In 1993, we reported that the survival after three-field lymphadenectomy was better than that after en-bloc esophagectomy, and then the lymph node compartment classification based on the metastatic rate and the survival rate. This concept was introduced into the 9th edition of the Guidelines for Clinical and Pathologic Studies on Carcinoma of the Esophagus published in 1999. In early 1980s, combined resection of the neighboring organs was initiated for a locally advanced esophageal cancer. Almost all patients who underwent such an operation, however, died of metastasis in the short-term after surgery without any additional treatment. In 1987, we reported several types of tracheal repair using the latissimus dorsi muscle flap, as a less-invasive surgery that enabled adjuvant or additive therapy, after resection of the trachea involved by cancer. Then in 2004, we demonstrated that the canine aorta could be resected even immediately after aortic stenting. This suggests that an esophageal cancer involving the aorta can be resected using a new technique. To meet the challenges posed by advanced esophageal cancer, the help of other specialized fields besides esophageal surgery is needed: "The specialist must know everything of something, something of everything."