OBJECTIVE: To compare ethnic and sex difference in the incidence of newly diagnosed hypertension, and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes among South Asian, Chinese and white patients. METHODS: We identified patients with newly diagnosed hypertension aged ≥20 years. Patients were followed for 1-9 years for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease with myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Cox proportional hazard models stratified by sex and adjusted for age, median income and co-morbid conditions, were constructed to determine the independent association between ethnicity and the development of the combined cardiovascular endpoint as well as death. RESULTS: There were 39 175 South Asian (49.4% men, 34.4% age ≥65), 49 892 Chinese (48.1% men, 36.7% age ≥65) and 841 277 white (47.9% men, 38.8% age ≥65) patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Age and sex adjusted incidence of hypertension was highest in South Asian patients and lowest in Chinese patients. Compared with white patients, South Asian and Chinese patients had a lower mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.91 and 0.66) and risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes (aHR 0.94 and 0.49). Compared to men, women had significantly lower mortality (aHR: 0.83 for Chinese, 0.78 for South Asian and 0.77 for white) and cardiovascular disease outcomes (0.72 for Chinese, 0.63 for South Asian and 0.65 for white). CONCLUSIONS: South Asian patients had higher rates of hypertension compared to the other ethnic groups. South Asian and Chinese patients had a lower risk of death and developing cardiovascular outcomes compared to whites. Women with hypertension have a better prognosis than men regardless of ethnicity.
OBJECTIVE: To compare ethnic and sex difference in the incidence of newly diagnosed hypertension, and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes among South Asian, Chinese and white patients. METHODS: We identified patients with newly diagnosed hypertension aged ≥20 years. Patients were followed for 1-9 years for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease with myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke. Cox proportional hazard models stratified by sex and adjusted for age, median income and co-morbid conditions, were constructed to determine the independent association between ethnicity and the development of the combined cardiovascular endpoint as well as death. RESULTS: There were 39 175 South Asian (49.4% men, 34.4% age ≥65), 49 892 Chinese (48.1% men, 36.7% age ≥65) and 841 277 white (47.9% men, 38.8% age ≥65) patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Age and sex adjusted incidence of hypertension was highest in South Asian patients and lowest in Chinese patients. Compared with white patients, South Asian and Chinese patients had a lower mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.91 and 0.66) and risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes (aHR 0.94 and 0.49). Compared to men, women had significantly lower mortality (aHR: 0.83 for Chinese, 0.78 for South Asian and 0.77 for white) and cardiovascular disease outcomes (0.72 for Chinese, 0.63 for South Asian and 0.65 for white). CONCLUSIONS: South Asian patients had higher rates of hypertension compared to the other ethnic groups. South Asian and Chinese patients had a lower risk of death and developing cardiovascular outcomes compared to whites. Women with hypertension have a better prognosis than men regardless of ethnicity.
Authors: Iva Mucalo; Andrea Brajković; Marija Strgačić; Djenane Ramalho-de-Oliveira; Elizabeta Ribarić; Ana Bobinac Journal: Healthcare (Basel) Date: 2022-04-13
Authors: Samuel Quan; Guanmin Chen; Raj S Padwal; Finlay A McAlister; Karen C Tran; Norman R C Campbell; Zhiying Liang; Yuanchao Feng; Doreen M Rabi; Alexander A Leung Journal: J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) Date: 2020-09-20 Impact factor: 3.738
Authors: Hong Xu; Xiaoyan Huang; Ulf Risérus; Tommy Cederholm; Per Sjögren; Bengt Lindholm; Johan Ärnlöv; Juan Jesús Carrero Journal: Clin Kidney J Date: 2015-08-04
Authors: Steven M Smith; Tianyao Huo; B Delia Johnson; Vera Bittner; Sheryl F Kelsey; Diane Vido Thompson; C Noel Bairey Merz; Carl J Pepine; Rhonda M Cooper-Dehoff Journal: J Am Heart Assoc Date: 2014-02-28 Impact factor: 5.501