Gravitational sedimentation of gold nanoparticles.

We study the gravitational sedimentation of citrate- or ascorbate-capped spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNP) by measuring the absorption-vs.-time curve produced as the particles sediment through the optical beam of a spectrophotometer, and comparing the results with a calculated sedimentation curve. TEM showed the AuNP had gold-core diameters of 12.1±0.6, 65.0±5.2, 82.5±5.2 or 91.8±6.2 nm, and gave diameter distribution histograms. The Mason-Weaver sedimentation-diffusion equation was solved for various particle diameters and the solutions were weighted with the TEM histogram and the size-dependent extinction coefficient, for comparison with absorbance-vs.-time curve obtained from freshly prepared suspensions of the AuNP. For particles having average gold-core diameters of 12.1±0.6, 65.0±5.2 and 82.5±5.2 nm, very good agreement exists between the theoretical and observed curves, showing that the particles sediment individually and that the diameter of the gold core is the important factor controlling sedimentation. For the largest particles, observed and calculated curves generally agree, but the former shows random effects consistent with non-homogeneous domains in the sample. Unlike TEM, the simple and unambiguous sedimentation experiment detects all the particles in the sample and can in principle be used to derive the true size histogram. It avoids artifacts of TEM sampling and shear forces of ultracentrifugation. We also show how information about the size histogram can be obtained from the sedimentation curve.