MicroRNA target prediction and validation.

The accurate prediction and validation of microRNA targets is essential to understanding the function of microRNAs. Computational predictions indicate that all human genes may be regulated by microRNAs, with each microRNA possibly targeting thousands of genes. Here we discuss computational and experimental methods for identifying mammalian microRNA targets. We describe microRNA target prediction resources and procedures that are suitable for experiments where more accurate prediction of microRNA targets is more important than detecting all putative targets. We then discuss experimental methods for identifying and validating microRNA target genes, with an emphasis on the target reporter assay as the method of choice for specifically testing functional microRNA target sites.