New analytical applications of gold nanoparticles as label in antibody based sensors.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with optical and electrochemical distinctiveness as well as biocompatibility characteristics have proven to be powerful tools in nanomedicinal application. This review article discusses recent advances in the application of AuNPs as label in bioanalytical devices, especially electrochemical immunosensors, rapid and point-of-care (PoC) tests. A crucial assessment regarding implementation of different formats of antibodies allowing rapid and sensitive analysis of a range of analytes is also provided in this study. In addition to this, different approaches to minimize antibodies into Fab, scFv or even single-domain antibody fragments like VHHs will be reviewed. Given the high level of target specificity and affinity, such biomolecules are considered to be excellent elements for on-site or PoC analysis.