Influence of alkyl chain length on calcium phosphate deposition onto titanium surfaces modified with alkylphosphonic acid monolayers.

Much attention has been paid to the modification of a titanium surface with an alkylphosphonic acid (PA)-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to accelerate hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition on the surface. In order to further accelerate the rate of HA deposition, we examined here the effect of alkyl chain length of SAMs on the formation of a HA layer. PAs with three different alkyl chain lengths (3, 6, and 16 methylene units) were used for the preparation of a SAM on titanium. The titanium specimens with monolayers were soaked in a simulated body fluid under physiological conditions for 4 weeks. The deposited substances were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. These analyses revealed that the formation of PA SAMs accelerate the deposition of poorly crystallized HA, in an alkyl chain length-dependent manner. Among PAs studied here, PA containing a 16-carbon alkyl chain gave rise to the titanium surface most effective for the deposition of HA.