Why collaborate with children in health research: an analysis of the risks and benefits of collaboration with children.

Involvement of service users in decision making, in both clinical and research settings, has become a central feature of many health and research funding policies in the last 15 years. Over the same timeframe, there has been an increasing focus on children's rights, promoted by the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child, which gives children a right to be involved in decisions that affect their lives. In a research setting, this has resulted in increased engagement of children in research, as opposed to relying on parents or carers to represent their children, and a shift from research on children to research with children. In this article, we discuss collaboration with children under the age of 16 years in health research: what this means and why (or why not) to do it. The definition of collaboration is discussed and the lines among collaboration, involvement, participation and participatory research considered. The risks and benefits of collaboration are reviewed, both theoretical and evidence based, where evidence exists. The review ends with a look towards the future including the need for agreed definitions, better reporting of collaboration and other patient and public involvement activities with children to build up the much needed evidence base, the need for cost-benefit evaluations and, most importantly, the need for careful consideration as to whether collaborating with children is appropriate in each circumstance.