Pelvic ring injuries in children. Part I: Epidemiology and primary evaluation. A review of the literature.

Pediatric pelvic injury is of major significance despite these injuries in children are rare with a suspected yearly rate of 3% of all pelvic injuries. The special pediatric bone anatomy of the pelvis is responsible for different fracture patterns, and overall, a bony or joint injury of the pelvis is an indicator of a severe trauma. The vast majority of pediatric pelvic fractures is the result of a high-energy trauma, especially after strucking by a car or injured as motor vehicle passengers. Additional injuries are common, but additional head injury is only present in 1/3 of patients. An adequate structured primary diagnosis must therefore be mandatory. The a.p. X-ray of the pelvis is still the gold standard to evaluate these injuries. The majority of injuries is mechanically stable with 85-90% expected type A- and B-injuries. Primary management of these injuries is orientated to that of adults. The standard emergency fixation procedure is the external fixator. Definitive treatment depends on the displacement of fractures and the instability of the pelvic ring. In displaced and unstable fractures, today, anatomic reconstruction of the pelvic ring by osteosynthesis is favoured. Due to the potential negative long term consequences of mal-healing child-adapted stabilization techniques should be used. Moratlity is related to concomitant injuries, e.g. severe head injury. Risk factors of mortality are the overall injury severity, additional complex pelvic trauma and the type of pelvic fracture. Nevertheless, growth disturbances occur in rare cases. Therefore, frequent clinical and radiological controls are proposed until the completion of growth. Overall, good and excellent long-term results can be expected in most patients, especially after type A-injuries. But several long-term sequelae can occur in unstable pelvic injuries depending on the instability of the child's pelvis at the time of injury. Overall, there is a good correlation between the clinical and radiological result. Risk factors for a worse result can be additional significant peripelvic injuries (complex pelvic trauma).