Genetic characterization of HA gene of low pathogenic H9N2 influenza viruses isolated in Israel during 2006-2012 periods.

H9N2 influenza viruses are isolated in Israel since 2000 and became endemic. From November 2006 to the beginning of 2012, many H9N2 viruses were identified, all belonged to the Asian G1-like lineage represented by A/qu/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2). In the present study, 66 isolates were selected for their hemagglutinin gene characterization. Most H9N2 isolates were distributed between two main groups, identified as the 4th and 5th introductions. The 5th introduction, was represented by a compact cluster containing viruses isolated in 2011-2012; the 4th introduction was subdivided into two subgroups, A and B, each containing at least two clusters, which can be identified as A-1, A-2, B-1, and B2, respectively. Genetic analysis of the deduced HA proteins of viruses, belonging to the 4th and 5th introductions, revealed amino acid variations in 79 out of 542 positions. All isolates had typical low pathogenicity motifs at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Most viruses had leucine at position 216 in a receptor binding pocket that enables the virus to bind successfully with the cellular receptors intrinsic to mammals, including humans. It was shown that the differences between the HA proteins of viruses used for vaccine production and local field isolates increased in parallel with the duration and intensity of vaccine use, illustrating the genetic diversity of the H9N2 viruses in Israel.