Literature DB >> 23249714

[Molecular mechanism of erlotinib resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell line H1650].

Ruili Han1, Xiaoli Wang, Diansheng Zhong, Juan Zhao, Zhe Chen, Linlin Sun, Jing Wang, Jinbang Zhang.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression and mutations were existed in more than 40% of the lung cancer, and it's the one of molecular targets in clinical treatment. But the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI)-resistance is becoming a challenging clinical problem as following the application of EGFR-TKIs, Gefitinib or Erlotinib. However, the mechanistic explanation for resistance in the some cases is still lacking. Here we researched the resistance mechanism of H1650 cells.
METHODS: Using real-time RT-PCR to analyze the EGFR mRNA expression level in EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells; MTT analysis detected the cytotoxicity for NSCLC cells to Erlotinib; Western blot analysis examined the mutant situations and the downstream signaling protein phosphorylation level in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells with the treatment of Erlotinib or/and PI3K inhibitor, LY294002.
RESULTS: In the EGFR wild-type NSCLC cells, the expression level of EGFR mRNA varied dramatically and all the cells showed resistant to Erlotinib; In the EGFR-mutant cells, HCC827 and H1650 (the same activating-mutation type), HCC827 cells were Erlotinib-sensitive as well as H1650 demonstrated primary relative resistance. Western blot analysis showed the loss of PTEN and the p-AKT level was not inhibited with the treatment of Erlotinib or/and LY294002 in H1650 cells, while HCC827 cells were no PTEN loss and definitively decrease of p-AKT level.
CONCLUSIONS: EGFR wild-type NSCLC cells were resistant to Erlotinib no matter of how EGFR mRNA expression level. EGFR-activating mutations correlated with responses to Erlotinib. The PTEN loss and activation of AKT signaling pathway contributed to Erlotinib resistance in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell line H1650.

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Year:  2012        PMID: 23249714      PMCID: PMC6000043          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2012.12.02

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肺癌主要分为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC),其中80%-85%为NSCLC。尽管现代医学的诊疗技术已经有了相当的进展,采取了手术为主、放化疗等综合治疗手法,肺癌总的5年生存率仍只有13%-15%[。研究[发现,表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)在50%-90%的NSCLC患者中高表达,参与肿瘤的血管新生、迁移和粘附过程,其扩增和突变已被认为是肺部肿瘤发生的主要机制之一。厄洛替尼(Erlotinib, Tarceva)是EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI),通过特异性结合在EGFR胞内酪氨酸激酶区域抑制EGFR活化而发挥抗瘤作用[。本研究探讨了NSCLC细胞系EGFR基因的表达水平及其抑制剂ErlotinibNSCLC细胞系的毒性作用。

材料与方法

材料

NSCLC细胞系A549、H460、H157、H1299、H1792、CALU-1、H1650、H1975和HCC827购自美国模式培养物集存库(American Type Culture Collection, ATCC)。RPMI-1640培养基、新生小牛血清购于GIBCO公司;Trizol Reagent购自美国Invitrogen公司;反转录试剂、SYBR Premix Ex Taq购自TAKARA公司,MTT试剂盒购于美国Promega公司,p-AKT、p-ERKAKTERKPTEN抗体均购于美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,GAPDH抗体购于美国Santa Cruz公司,二抗HRP-羊抗兔IgG、二抗羊抗鼠IgG购于北京中杉生物技术有限公司,PVDF膜购于美国Amersham Biosciences。

方法

细胞培养

用含10%小牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基、100 U/mL青霉素、100 U/mL链霉素配制成1640完全培养基,37 ℃、5%CO2、饱和湿度的培养箱中传代培养,0.125%胰酶消化传代,3 d-4 d传一代。所有实验均采用对数生长期细胞。

Real-time RT-PCR

Trizol试剂提取处于对数生长期细胞总RNA,反转录mRNA为cDNA,使用real-time RT-PCR技术检测基因的表达情况。PCR引物序列为:EGFR:Forward:GCGTTCGGCACGGTGTATAA;Reverse:GGCTTTCGGAGATGTTGCTTC;参照基因GAPDH:Forward:GGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTCG;Reverse:CTTGATTTTGGAGGGATCTCG,扩增长度为240 bp。PCR扩增体系20 μL,第一步:预变性95 ℃、30 s、1个循环,第二步:PCR反应:95 ℃、5 s,60 ℃、34 s,40个循环。以GAPDH为内参照,2-ΔΔCT法计算EGFR基因表达差异。

MTT法检测细胞存活率

取对数生长期细胞,常规胰酶消化制成单细胞悬浮液,以每孔约5×103个细胞接种于96孔板,每孔200 μL,培养过夜后弃去原液,分别加入终浓度为1×10-3 μM/L、1×10-2 μM/L、1×10-1 μM/L、1 μM/L、10 μM/L和20 μM/L的Erlotinib,对照组加入等量的培养基,每组设4个复孔,72 h后进行MTT试验,并绘制细胞生长曲线。

Western blot方法

按照文献[,提取细胞总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白浓度,取50 µg蛋白上样,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,转膜、封闭,一抗4 ℃过夜,二抗室温1 h,使用ECL化学发光试剂工作液进行蛋白信号检测,GAPDH作为蛋白加样对照。

结果

EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系中EGFR mRNA表达水平及与Erlotinib细胞毒性相关性的研究

EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系中EGFR mRNA表达水平

利用real-time RT-PCR技术检测了6种EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系中EGFR mRNA表达水平。实验结果显示(图 1),H157表达水平最低;A549和CALU-1表达水平相对较低;H460和H1792表达水平较高;H1299表达水平最高,约为H157的2, 621倍,为EGFR高表达的细胞系。
1

EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系中EGFR mRNA表达水平

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression level in EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells

EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系中EGFR mRNA表达水平 The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA expression level in EGFR wild-type non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells

Erlotinib对上述细胞系的毒性作用

6株细胞系分别在7个浓度梯度的Erlotinib培养液中培养72 h,利用MTT方法检测细胞毒性,结果显示(图 2):随着药物浓度的倍增,Erlotinib对各细胞系的生长抑制作用并没有明显增强,均表现为明显的耐药性。其中在1 μΜ Erlotinib的浓度,H157细胞系的生长抑制率约为10%,A549和Calu-1的生长抑制率约为0,H460和H1792细胞系的生长抑制率分别约为12%和15%,而高表达EGFRH1299细胞系的生长抑制率为0;在10 μΜ Erlotinib的浓度,H157细胞系的生长抑制率为24%,A549和Calu-1细胞系的生长抑制率分别约为10%和2%,H460和H1792的生长抑制率分别约为20%和21%,H1299的生长抑制率8%。上述结果表明,EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系对Erlotinib耐药,且Erlotinib的细胞毒性与EGFR mRNA表达水平高低无关。
2

MTT方法检测EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞对Erlotinib药物敏感性

The measurement of cytotoxicity for EGFR wild-type NSCLC cells to Erlotinib by MTT assay

MTT方法检测EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞对Erlotinib药物敏感性 The measurement of cytotoxicity for EGFR wild-type NSCLC cells to Erlotinib by MTT assay

Erlotinib对EGFR突变型NSCLC细胞系毒性作用的研究

肺癌中EGFR突变多见于外显子18-21,即胞内酪氨酸激酶编码区,最常见突变形式包括外显子19的E746-A750del和外显子21的L858R点突变,这两种突变约占EGFR突变的85%-90%[,发生这两种突变的肿瘤细胞对EGFR-TKIs敏感,称为活化突变。部分肿瘤细胞可发生二次突变,最常见二次突变为外显子20的T790M突变,为耐药突变[。 H1650和HCC827细胞系均为EGFR外显子19的E746-A750del突变,H1975细胞系为外显子21 L858R点突变,但同时伴有外显子20的T790M二次突变。我们利用Western blot验证了上述3种NSCLC细胞系中EGFR的突变情况(图 3)。
3

Western blot方法检测EGFR的突变情况

The EGFR mutations in H1975, H1650 and HCC827 cells

Western blot方法检测EGFR的突变情况 The EGFR mutations in H1975, H1650 and HCC827 cells 3株细胞系分别在7个浓度梯度Erlotinib的培养液中培养72 h,细胞毒性实验结果显示(图 4),Erlotinib能够明显抑制HCC827的生长,呈明显的浓度相关性,IC50为0.03 μΜ;H1975对Erlotinib高度耐药,这些结果均与预期的一致。但实验结果显示,H1650细胞系对Erlotinib相对耐药,约为HCC827的167倍,与预期的推测不一致。
4

MTT检测EGFR突变细胞系对Erlotinib药物敏感性

The measurement of cytotoxicity for EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells to Erlotinib by MTT assay

MTT检测EGFR突变细胞系对Erlotinib药物敏感性 The measurement of cytotoxicity for EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells to Erlotinib by MTT assay

Erlotinib对H1650细胞信号传导途径的影响

EGFR主要的信号传导通路包括:Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路和PI3K/AKT通路。EGFREGFR-TKI结合后,抑制EGFR本身磷酸化,从而抑制其下游相应的信号蛋白的磷酸化。 我们用10 μΜ Erlotinib处理HCC827和H1650细胞2 h,结果显示,在HCC827细胞中,AKTERK的磷酸化水平均明显下调(图 5),提示Erlotinib可以明显抑制其细胞内EGFR下游的信号通路;在H1650细胞中,p-ERK水平呈明显下降,但AKT的磷酸化水平无明显下降(图 5)。
5

Western blot方法检测Erlotinib处理HCC827和H1650后p-ERK、p-AKT的表达水平

HCC827 and H1650 cells were treated with Erlotinib for 2 h, Anti-p-AKT and anti-p-ERK antibody was used to detect AKT and ERK phosphorylation, with GAPDH as the loading control.

Western blot方法检测Erlotinib处理HCC827和H1650后p-ERK、p-AKT的表达水平 HCC827 and H1650 cells were treated with Erlotinib for 2 h, Anti-p-AKT and anti-p-ERK antibody was used to detect AKT and ERK phosphorylation, with GAPDH as the loading control. Sos等[发现在H1650细胞中有PTEN的缺失。我们实验结果也证实了在H1650细胞中存在PTEN的缺失(图 6)。
6

Western bot检测HCC827和H1650细胞中PTEN的表达水平

No PTEN protein detected in H1650 cells

Western bot检测HCC827和H1650细胞中PTEN的表达水平 No PTEN protein detected in H1650 cells 蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosometen, PTEN)是具有蛋白与脂质磷酸酯酶活性的双特异性磷酸酯酶,能特异地使磷脂酰肌醇-3, 4, 5-三磷酸3' 位脱磷酸,抑制Akt的磷酸化[。PTEN的缺失可以导致Akt的活化,从而可以解释Erlotinib为什么不能抑制H1650细胞AKT磷酸化水平,但可抑制ERK的磷酸化。为了进一步探讨H1650耐药与PTEN表达缺失的相关性,我们用10 μΜ LY294002(PI3K抑制剂)处理H1650及HCC827细胞2 h,进而检测p-AKT的水平,结果显示(图 7)HCC827细胞的p-AKT明显抑制,但对H1650细胞的p-AKT抑制作用不明显,进一步证实了因为PTEN的缺失,H1650AKT磷酸化水平不受其上游调节;因为LY294002对Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路无作用,所以两种细胞系的p-ERK水平未被抑制(图 7)。
7

Western blot检测经LY294002处理后的HCC827和H1650细胞系的p-AKT、p-ERK表达水平

HCC827 and H1650 cells were treated with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) for 2 h, Anti-p-AKT and anti-p-ERK antibody was used to detect AKT and ERK phosphorylation, with GAPDH as the loading control.

Western blot检测经LY294002处理后的HCC827和H1650细胞系的p-AKT、p-ERK表达水平 HCC827 and H1650 cells were treated with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) for 2 h, Anti-p-AKT and anti-p-ERK antibody was used to detect AKT and ERK phosphorylation, with GAPDH as the loading control. 综合上述结果,H1650细胞系对Erlotinib相对耐药可能与PTEN缺失导致AKT信号传导通路异常活化有关,而与Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK信号途径无关。

讨论

肺癌是死亡率最高的癌症之一,其中约80%-85%为NSCLC[,由于约70%的患者在就诊时已处于晚期,失去了手术的机会,且NSCLC对铂类等化疗药物的反应差,其5年生存率只有15%左右[。 EGFR是原癌基因C-erbB1的表达产物,属于酪氨酸激酶生长因子受体家族成员之一,EGFR主要的信号传导通路包括Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK通路和PI3K/AKT通路。在肿瘤细胞中,EGFR基因突变和扩增可使EGFR酪氨酸激酶不恰当激活,促进肿瘤的血管生成和肿瘤细胞的增殖、粘附、侵袭和转移。研究[显示,NSCLC伴转移的患者中,60%以上存在EGFR过度表达,且与这些患者的预后密切相关,因此以EGFR为靶点的抗癌治疗日益受到关注。EGFR突变主要发生在胞内酪氨酸激酶编码区,多发生于基因外显子18、19、20和21,与EGFR-TKIs敏感性相关的主要是位于外显子18、21的点突变和外显子19的缺失突变。其中,外显子21的点突变,使EGFR蛋白中该位点的氨基酸由亮氨酸转变为精氨酸(L858R);外显子19第746-750位密码子的缺失(19 exon E746-A750del)导致EGFR蛋白中氨基酸序列丢失,改变了受体络氨酸激酶ATP结合槽的角度。 EGFR-TKIs通过与ATP竞争,结合于EGFR-TK胞内端的催化区域(EGFR结构域中高度保守的ATP结合位点),阻止EGFR的自磷酸化及下游的信号传导。EGFR-TKIs代表药物,GefitinibErlotinib,作为二线药物已应用于标准化疗无效的NSCLC;对于存在EGFR突变的晚期NSCLC患者,EGFR-TKI一线化疗药物应用于临床已经得到了专家的共识[。但随着EGFR-TKI临床应用的日益增多,其耐药现象已成为临床工作中一大难题。引起耐药的原因多种多样,主要分为原发性和继发性耐药[,原发性耐药机制包括KRAS突变[;继发性耐药机制主要包括EGFR外显子20的T790M突变(苏氨酸转变为甲硫氨酸)和C-MET扩增两种,约占所有耐药机制的70%,尚有30%-40%患者耐药机制不清楚[。 本研究显示,EGFR野生型NSCLC细胞系对Erlotinib均耐药,且Erlotinib的药物敏感性与EGFR的mRNA表达水平无关,但与EGFR突变类型相关;具有EGFR外显子19缺失突变的H1650细胞对Erlotinib相对耐药。Guo等[发现在H1650细胞株中,PTEN蛋白表达缺失,因此对AKT的抑制作用消失。Yamamoto等[用Gefitinib处理PC-9细胞系(存在EGFR外显子19缺失突变)7个月后诱导出耐药细胞系,经验证发现,耐药细胞系是由于PTEN蛋白表达缺失导致对Gefitinib耐药的;他们用免疫组化的方法对4例Gefitinib获得性耐药的肺癌患者进行了治疗前后PTEN蛋白表达水平的比较,其中3例患者PTEN表达水平明显低于治疗前,考虑PTEN蛋白表达水平的缺失与Gefitinib获得性耐药有关。我们的实验结果也验证了在H1650细胞中存在PTEN蛋白表达的缺失,同时发现Erlotinib虽然可以抑制H1650细胞中的p-ERK水平,但p-AKT的水平无明显变化。因此推测,H1650Erlotinib耐药可能与PTEN缺失有关。进一步应用PI3K抑制剂LY294002处理H1650细胞,发现其也不能抑制H1650细胞的p-AKT水平,进一步证实H1650细胞p-AKT水平不受其上游调节,其对Erlotinib相对耐药与PTEN表达缺失导致AKT信号传导通路异常活化有关,而与Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK信号途径无关。 此外,亦有文献报道H1650Erlotinib的耐药可能与抑制BIM上调[和肿瘤细胞从上皮细胞向间充质细胞转化(epithelial mesenchymal transition, EMT)[有关,这些均有待于我们在未来的研究中进一步证实。
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Authors:  Michio Inukai; Shinichi Toyooka; Sachio Ito; Hiroaki Asano; Shuji Ichihara; Junichi Soh; Hiroshi Suehisa; Mamoru Ouchida; Keisuke Aoe; Motoi Aoe; Katsuyuki Kiura; Nobuyoshi Shimizu; Hiroshi Date
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Review 2.  Activity of gefitinib in central nervous system metastases in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer: two case reports and a review of the literature.

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Journal:  Clin Lung Cancer       Date:  2005-09       Impact factor: 4.785

3.  PTEN Tumor Suppressor Network in PI3K-Akt Pathway Control.

Authors:  Maria-Magdalena Georgescu
Journal:  Genes Cancer       Date:  2010-12

4.  Novel D761Y and common secondary T790M mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant lung adenocarcinomas with acquired resistance to kinase inhibitors.

Authors:  Marissa N Balak; Yixuan Gong; Gregory J Riely; Romel Somwar; Allan R Li; Maureen F Zakowski; Anne Chiang; Guangli Yang; Ouathek Ouerfelli; Mark G Kris; Marc Ladanyi; Vincent A Miller; William Pao
Journal:  Clin Cancer Res       Date:  2006-11-01       Impact factor: 12.531

Review 5.  Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer.

Authors:  Sreenath V Sharma; Daphne W Bell; Jeffrey Settleman; Daniel A Haber
Journal:  Nat Rev Cancer       Date:  2007-03       Impact factor: 60.716

6.  Loss of PTEN expression by blocking nuclear translocation of EGR1 in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells harboring epidermal growth factor receptor-activating mutations.

Authors:  Chizuko Yamamoto; Yuji Basaki; Akihiko Kawahara; Kazutaka Nakashima; Masayoshi Kage; Hiroto Izumi; Kimitoshi Kohno; Hidetaka Uramoto; Kosei Yasumoto; Michihiko Kuwano; Mayumi Ono
Journal:  Cancer Res       Date:  2010-10-19       Impact factor: 12.701

7.  Epidermal growth factor receptor extracellular domain mutations in primary glioblastoma.

Authors:  A Idbaih; J Aimard; B Boisselier; Y Marie; S Paris; E Crinière; R Carvalho Silva; F Laigle-Donadey; A Rousseau; K Mokhtari; J Thillet; M Sanson; K Hoang-Xuan; J-Y Delattre
Journal:  Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol       Date:  2009-04       Impact factor: 8.090

Review 8.  Rapamune (Sirolimus, rapamycin): an overview and mechanism of action.

Authors:  S N Sehgal
Journal:  Ther Drug Monit       Date:  1995-12       Impact factor: 3.681

Review 9.  Small cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Taimur Sher; Grace K Dy; Alex A Adjei
Journal:  Mayo Clin Proc       Date:  2008-03       Impact factor: 7.616

10.  Properties of resistant cells generated from lung cancer cell lines treated with EGFR inhibitors.

Authors:  Gargi Ghosh; Xiaojun Lian; Stephen J Kron; Sean P Palecek
Journal:  BMC Cancer       Date:  2012-03-20       Impact factor: 4.430

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