Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma developed 11 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphatic leukemia.

Younger patients (aged <30 years) presenting with esophageal cancer are rare. Bone marrow transplantation offers a curative therapy in patients with malignant and nonmalignant lymphohematopoietic diseases and other disorders. However, one important late complication in transplantation survivors is the development of secondary malignancies including solid tumors. Although some solid cancers have been demonstrated to occur after bone marrow transplantation, only a few cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma have thus far been reported. We herein describe the case of a 27-year-old male with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, who was diagnosed with T-cell-type acute lymphatic leukemia at the age of 12 and relapsed 5 years later. He achieved a second complete remission and underwent bone marrow transplantation at the age of 17. A genetic analysis revealed germ-line lineage-derived chimeric cellular populations of the donor and patient on both the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and non tumorous portions of the patient's esophageal mucosa with a preponderance of the patient's germ-line lineage-derived cells, suggesting that repopulated donor-derived hemopoietic stem cells in the esophageal epithelia only partially contributed to the carcinogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma several years after bone marrow transplantation. Multiple events occurring during the course of treatment for primary hematological disorder may play an important role in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.