Kuramoto model with time-varying parameters.

We analyze the Kuramoto model generalized by explicit consideration of deterministically time-varying parameters. The oscillators' natural frequencies and/or couplings are influenced by external forces with constant or distributed strengths. A dynamics of the collective rhythms is observed, consisting of the external system superimposed on the autonomous one, a characteristic feature of many thermodynamically open systems. This deterministic, stable, continuously time-dependent, collective behavior is fully described, and the external impact to the original system is defined in both the adiabatic and the nonadiabatic limits.