On the pathway to success: defining subtypes of gliomas for better treatment selection and refining the meaning of success.

The treatment for most patients with primary brain tumors remains inadequate. Despite an overwhelming increase in our knowledge of the molecular and genomic changes in these cancers, translation of these findings to effective therapies remains the exception. As evidenced by the series of articles in this issue, the incorporation of molecular signatures and patient-reported outcome measures into clinical trials is becoming increasingly successful. These efforts recently yielded a treatment-determining predictive marker, but challenges remain in optimizing marker-based patient selection and systematic implementation of patient-reported outcomes to maximize the risk-to-benefit assessment, thereby achieving individualized treatment.