Necessity and approach to integrated nanomaterial legislation and governance.

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising technologies to emerge in recent decades. Materials that are specially engineered to have at least one dimension that is no larger than 100 nm are now continuously manufactured and incorporated as critical components of different products that people use daily. While we are taking advantage of nanomaterials (NMs) and nano-products, they may pose a risk to humans and the broader environment. Some types of fibrous NMs such as carbon nanotubes and nano-fibers may present a risk similar to that of asbestos. Some carbon or metal based NMs may threaten the environment due to their bioaccumulative nature within food webs. In order to prevent future adverse effects from products or byproducts of nanotechnology, we suggest an integrated multi-faceted approach which includes an integrated regulation that is based upon life cycle assessment, empirically derived risk assessment. Advanced research that fills the knowledge gap regarding the understanding of NMs in scientific and social norms will be helpful in a full life cycle assessment of NMs. Emphasizing nanotechnology education to the public for an increased understanding and participation associated with media coverage will finally draw governments' attention with an integrated legislation to be instituted. Developing the optimal mix of these tools, including research, public education, media coverage, integrated legislation, will be significant to proactively manage the complexity of nanotechnology and prevent any undesirable effect due to the NMs exposure.