Force distribution on multiple bonds controls the kinetics of adhesion in stretched cells.

We show herein how mechanical forces at macro or micro scales may affect the biological response at the nanoscale. The reason resides in the intimate link between chemistry and mechanics at the molecular level. These interactions occur under dynamic conditions such as the shear stress induced by flowing blood or the intracellular tension. Thus, resisting removal by mechanical forces, e.g., shear stresses, is a general property of cells provided by cellular adhesion. Using classical models issued from theoretical physics, we review the force regulation phenomena of the single bond. However, to understand the force regulation of cellular adhesion sites, we need to consider the collective behavior of receptor-ligand bonds. We discuss the applicability of single bond theories to describe collective bond behavior. Depending on bond configuration, e.g., presently "parallel" and "zipper", the number of bonds and dissociation forces variably affect the kinetics of multiple bonds. We reveal a marked efficiency of the collective organization to stabilize multiple bonds by sharply increasing bond lifetime compared to single bond. These theoretical predictions are then compared to experimental results of the literature concerning the kinetic parameters of bonds measured by atomic force microscopy and by shear flow. These comparisons reveal that the force-control of bonds strongly depends on whether the force distribution on multiple bonds is homogeneous, e.g., in AFM experiments, or heterogeneous, e.g., in shear flow experiments. This reinforces the need of calculating the stress/strain fields exerted on living tissues or cells at various scales and certainly down to the molecular scale.