An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary.

The 120 presently recognized genera and seven subgenera of the azooxanthellate Scleractinia are keyed using gross morphological characters of the corallum. All genera are illustrated with calicular and side views of coralla. All termes used in the key are defined in an illustrated glossary. A table of all species-level keys, both comprehensive and faunistic, is provided covering the last 40 years.

Introduction

The ready identification of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (determined herein by depth of occurrence and previously published observations) to the genus and species levels has been hampered by a lack of a comprehensive key to the genera as well as a lack of species level keys. For instance, the last comprehensive set of keys to the genera was published by Vaughan and Wells (1943) almost 70 years ago, and relied in part on microstructural characters that were both hard to observe (requiring thin sectioning) and interpret. PageBreakSince then the number of Recent azooxanthellate genera and species has almost doubled, and new observations on apozooxanthellate species (species that have facultative symbiosis with zooxanthellae) are also available. Furthermore, what keys exist to the species level of various taxa or geographic regions are scattered throughout the literature and of variable quality (Table 1). In this Table, tabular keys are included, as they provide as much if not more information than a conventional dichotomous key. As result of the application of molecular data (e.g. Fukami et al. 2008, Kitahara et al. 2010a, Huang et al. 2011, Stolarski et al. 2011, Arrigoni et al. 2012), the higher taxonomic ranks of the order Scleractinia were shown to be polyphyletic. As such, a key to this taxonomic rank seems premature. Thus, it is the purpose of this paper to provide a single, comprehensive, illustrated key to the presently recognized 120 azooxanthellate scleractinian genera and 7 additional subgenera. We constructed the key using gross morphological characteristics of the corallum, which, when used in conjunction with the glossary and illustrations, we hope will provide a guide to the proper genus identification. But one must keep in mind that this key, as most, will not necessarily supply a definitive identification of the genus, as its use depends on the interpretation of the characters as well as the variation of that character state. We have used many of the dichotomies published by Vaughan and Wells (1943), but avoided the microstructural characters, and updated the taxa. Whereas microstructure is undoubtedly a valuable set of characters to define genera, in most cases it is not necessary to identify the genera. Among the 120 extant azooxanthellate scleractinian genera, 74 are illustrated with its type species (~61%). Within the remaining 46 genera, 20 (~16,6%) have an extinct species as type, represented by a fossil coral. For them and the remaining 26 genera, the illustrated species present very well the most important morphological characters of their respective genus.PageBreakPageBreak

Table 1.

Previously published keys to azooxanthellate taxa, divided as comprehensive keys to all taxa with in a monophyletic taxon, and partial (faunistic) keys of species. Taxa listed alphabetically by taxon name. Tabular keys (T) are included.

Comprehensive keys
Anthemiphyllia, species (T)	Cairns (1999: 290)
Asterosmilia, species (T)	Cairns and Wells (1987: 38)
Aulocyathus, species	Cairns (1999: 104)
Caryophyllia, species (T)	Cairns (1991: 12)
Caryophyllia, species	Kitahara et al. (2010b: 112)
Conocyathus, species	Cairns (2004a: 290)
Crispatotrochus, species	Kitahara and Cairns (2008: 62)
Deltocyathus, species	Kitahara and Cairns (2009: 236)
Dendrophylliidae, genera (T)	Cairns (2001: 5)
Flabellidae, genera (T)	Zibrowius (1974: 26); Cairns (1989: 45)
Guyniidae, genera (T)	Cairns (1989: 41); Stolarski (2000: 23)
Javania, species	Cairns (2004b: 10)
Micrabaciidae, genera	Cairns (1989: 13)
Placotrochides, species	Cairns (2004a: 307)
Scleractinia, families and genera	Vaughan and Wells (1943)
Stephanophyllia, species	Cairns (1989: 21)
Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus), species (T)	Cairns (1999: 85)
Turbinoliidae, genera	Cairns (1988a: 711; 1989: 25; 1997: 5 [T]); Filkorn (1994: 44)
Faunistic keys
Astrangia, E. Pacific	Durham and Barnard (1952: 60)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Antarctica	Cairns (1990: 18 [book])
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, E. Gulf of Mexico	Cairns (1977a: 5)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, New Zealand	Squires and Keyes (1967: 13); Tracey et al. (2012)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, NE Pacific	Cairns (1994: 13)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, NW Pacific	Cairns (1994: 75)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, S. Australia	Cairns and Parker (1992: 4)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Cold Temp. NE Atl.	Cairns (1981: 3)
Azooxanthellate Scleractinia, Brazil	Kitahara (2007: 510)
Balanophyllia, W. Atlantic	Cairns (1977b: 133)
Balanophyllia, Japan	Ogawa et al. (1998: 145 [in Japanese])
Balanophyllia, W. Atlantic (T)	Cairns (2000: 163)
Caryophyllia, New Zealand	Cairns (1995: 43)
Caryophyllia, W. Atlantic	Cairns (1979: 46)
Caryophyllia, W. Pacific	Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 87, 96)
Caryophyllia and Premocyathus, Japan	Ogawa et al. (1999: 115 [in Japanese])
Conotrochus and Trochocyathus, Japan	Ogawa et al. (2003: 57 [in Japanese])
Culicia, Australia	Cairns (2004a: 274)
Deltocyathus, W. Atlantic	Cairns (1979: 91)
Deltocyathus, W. Pacific	Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 121)
Dendrophyllia, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (1995: 25 [in Japanese])
Flabellum, New Zealand	Cairns (1995: 96)
Flabellum, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (2005: 56 [in Japanese])
Fungiacyathus, W. Pacific (T)	Cairns (1989: 6, 7; 1999: 55)
Fungiacyathus, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (2004: 11 [in Japanese])
Heterocyathus, W. Pacific	Hoeksema and Best (1991: 222)
Heterocyathus, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (2008: 248 [in Japanese])
Heteropsammia, W. Pacific	Hoeksema and Best (1991: 222)
Heteropsammia, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (2008: 248 [in Japanese])
Madracis, W. Atlantic	Wells (1973: 19)
Paracyathus and Polycyathus, Japan	Ogawa et al. (2000: 55 [in Japanese])
Trochocyathus, W. Pacific	Cairns and Zibrowius (1997: 105)
Truncatoflabellum, W, Pacific	Cairns (1989a: 62)
Truncatoflabellum, SW Indian Ocean	Cairns and Keller (1993: 264)
Truncatoflabellum, Australia (T)	Cairns (1998: 397)
Truncatoflabellum, Japan	Ogawa (2006: 13 [in Japanese])
Tubastraea, Red Sea	Scheer and Pillai (1983: 173)
Tubastraea, Galapagos	Cairns (1991: 27)
Tubastraea, Japan	Ogawa and Takahashi (1993: 97 [in Japanese])
Turbinoliidae, Japan	Ogawa et al. (2002: 27 [in Japanese])

Methods

Some genera are keyed two or even three times because of the variation within those genera regarding the characters used in the key. In theory, all variations of that genus will be correctly keyed. Although most couplets are dichotomous, some are polychotomous, such as the columella or colony shape, which allows the reader to clearly see the multiple states of a particular character.

Although it would be desirable to follow the generic key with keys to all of the approximately 720 azooxanthellate species, it is a simple fact that not many species level keys have been published. Those that have been published in the last 35 years are listed in Table 1, separated as to whether they are keys to all of the taxa within a monophyletic taxon (comprehensive) or to a more limited fauna of a region (faunistic). Keys made before 1970 were found to be, in general, not up to date and are thus not included. It should be noted that fully one-third of the genera (40) are monotypic, and thus do not require a key following a correct genus identification, and another 22 genera have but two species. Finally, although they do not include keys, the treatises of Wells (1956) and Chevalier and Beauvais (1987) include diagnoses of all genera, including those represented only by extinct species, and thus provide a rich source of taxonomic information.

Other sources of useful taxonomic information include a list of all extant Recent scleractinian species as of 1999 (Cairns et al. 1999), which also includes a rough indication of their geographic range. The azooxanthellate component of this list is kept up to date as an on-line resource (www.lophelia.org/online-appendices), which now includes junior synonyms and depth ranges of the species, and authors of the genera. A list of the 120 azooxanthellate genera, their authorship, and bathymetric ranges was also published in Roberts et al. (2009: Table 2.7)

Geographic ranges within brackets in the key are not meant to be considered as distinguishing characters, but simply informational, which may nonetheless hint at an incorrect identification. Abbreviations: Ant. = Antarctic or Subantarctic, Atl. = Atlantic, IP = Indo Pacific, IWP = Indo-West Pacific, Pac. = Pacific, SubAnt = Subantarctic; Cosmopolitan implies occurrence in all three oceans as well as Subantarctic and/or Antarctic. Museums and Institutions acronyms: AM = Australian Museum (Sydney); AU = Auckland University Museum (Auckland); CSIRO = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Hobart); JCU = James Cook University (Townsville); MNHN = Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris); SBMNH = Santa Barbara Natural History Museum (Santa Barbara); SIO = Scripps Institute of Oceanography (San Diego); NZOI = New Zealand Oceanographic Institution (now the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) (Wellington); USNM = United States National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian) (Washington, D.C.); YPM = Yale Peabody Museum (New Heaven).

Useful sources for more information about definitions of terms used in the glossary include: Wells (1956), and Cairns (1981, 1989, 1994).

Key to the Genera and Subgenera of the Recent Azooxanthellate Scleractinia

(An asterisk indicates genera that have azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate representatives)

1a	Corallum colonial	2
1b	Corallum solitary	43
2a	Corallum free of attachment (recumbent, usually curved with a broken or open base, or globular)	3
2b	Corallum firmly attached (arborescent, bushy, encrusting, or reptoid)	5
3a	Corallum recumbent (composed of a large primary corallite from which smaller buds originate); no sipunculid commensalism	4
3b	Corallum globular; pores in lateral base of colony associated with commensal sipunculid	[IWP] Heteropsammia* (in part) Plate 1, Figures A–B
4a	Corallum not porous (solid); septa arranged normally	[Atl. + IP] Anomocora Plate 1, Figures C–D
4b	Corallum, especially septa porous; septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan	[Atl. + IWP] Eguchipsammia Plate 1, Figures E–F
5a	Corallum arborescent or bushy	6
5b	Corallum encrusting or reptoid	27
6a	Branching intratentacular	7
6b	Branching extratentacular	9
7a	Equal distomadeal budding	8
7b	Unequal monostomaeous budding	[Cosmopolitan] Lophelia Plate 1, Figures G–H
8a	Texture of corallum rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca; septa arranged in a weak Pourtalès Plan	[W. Pac.] Dichopsammia Plate 1, Figures I–J
8b	Texture of corallum smooth or costate, solid; septa arranged normally	Cosmopolitan] Solenosmilia Plate 1, Figures K–L
9a	Septal symmetry decameral or octameral, septa in only one cycle; columella styliform	[Atl. + IP] Madracis* (in part) Plate 2, Figures A–B
9b	Septal symmetry hexameral, septa arranged in multiple cycles; columella papillose, fascicular or absent	10
10a	Texture of theca and septa rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca	11
10b	Texture of theca smooth, granular, or ridged (solid)	14
11a	Septa arranged in a Pourtalès plan	12
11b	Septa arranged normally	13
12a	Corallum small (bushy), most corallites budding from a common basal coenosteum or from the edge zone of corallites that originate from the basal coenosteum	[Atl. + Pac.] Cladopsammia Plate 2, Figures C–D
12b	Corallum large (bushy to arborescent), with multiple successive generations of budding forming an erect colony	[Atl. + IP] Dendrophyllia Plate 2, Figures E–F
13a	Corallum porosity only apparent near calicular edge; found in deep-water: 110-2165 m	[Atl. + IWP] Enallopsammia Plate 2, Figures G–H
13b	Corallum porosity uniform: shallow-water: 0-110 m	[Atl. + IP] Tubastraea (in part) Plate 2, Figures I–J
14a	Columella absent	15
14b	Columella present (papillose, trabecular or fascicular)	16
15a	Corallum large (arborescent), with numerous budding cycles, adjacent corallites often linked with hollow, tubular coenosteal bridges; tabular endothecal dissepiments common	[I–P + Subant.] Goniocorella Plate 2, Figures K–L
15b	Corallum a small bush, corallites originating from a common basal coenosteum or from the sides of other corallites and from relatively few budding cycles; endothecal dissepiments not prominent	[E. Atl. + New Zealand] Hoplangia (in part) Plate 5, Figures L–M
16a	Columella fascicular	17
16b	Columella papillose or trabecular	18
17a	Pali before septa of third cycle (P3)	[N. Atl.] Pourtalosmilia Plate 3, Figures A–B
17b	Pali absent	[W. Pac.] Confluphyllia Plate 3, Figures C–D
18a	Columella trabecular, composed of slender ( flattened laths); corallum never with more than 4 generations of budding	[Atl. + W. Pac.] Coenosmilia Plate 3, Figures E–F
18b	Columella papillose (composed of rods); corallum composed of many generations of budding	19
19a	Axial septal edges dentate	[W. Pac.] Sympodangia Plate 3, Figures G–H
19b	Axial septal edges smooth	20
20a	Pali absent	[Cosmopolitan] Madrepora (in part) Plate 3, Figures I–J
20b	Pali present	21
21a	Pali arranged in multiple crowns before septa of all but last cycle; axial edge of septa minutely dentate	22
21b	Pali arranged in two crowns before S2 and S3 or S1-3; axial edges of septa smooth	24
22a	Coenosteum costate	[Atl. + Pac.] Cladocora Plate 3, Figures K–L
22b	Coenosteum not costate	23
23a	Axial corallite associated with each branch	[SW Pac.] Petrophyllia Plate 4, Figures A–B
23b	Axial corallites absent	[Atl. + Pac.] Oculina* Plate 4, Figures C–D
24a	P1-3 arranged in two palar crowns	[IWP] Cyathelia Plate 4, Figures E–F
24b	One palar crown of P2 or P3	25
25a	Only P2 present	26
25b	Only P3 present	[SW Atl. + E. Pac.] Bathelia Plate 4, Figures G–H
26a	Columella massive	[SE Atl.] Sclerhelia Plate 4, Figures I–J
26b	Columella rudimentary	[Cosmopolitan] Madrepora (in part) Plate 4, Figures K–L
27a	Septal symmetry decameral or octameral, septa in only one cycle; columella styliform	[Atl. + IP] Madracis* (in part) Plate 5, Figures A–B
27b	Septal symmetry hexameral, septa arranged in multiple cycles; columella papillose, fascicular, spongy, lamellar or absent	28
28a	Texture of corallum rough (like sandpaper), resulting from a porous theca	29
28b	Texture of corallum smooth or costate, solid	31
29a	Corallum increases by stoloniferous budding (reptoid), the connection among corallites often obscured, thus sometimes appearing to be solitary; Pourtalès Plan present	[W. Atl. + IP] Rhizopsammia Plate 5, Figures C–D
29b	Corallum increases by budding from a common basal coenosteum, the connection among polyps quite evident; septa normally inserted	30
30a	Columella massive; epitheca surrounds each corallite	[E. Atl.] Astroides Plate 5, Figures E–F
30b	Columella of moderate to small size; epitheca lacking	[Atl. + IP] Tubastraea (in part) Plate 5, Figures G–H
31a	Columella absent	32
31b	Columella present	33
32a	Corallites united by thin basal stolons (reptoid)	[Atl. + IWP] Thalamophyllia Plate 5, Figures I–K
32b	Corallites bud from a common basal coenosteum	[E. Atl. + New Zealand] Hoplangia (in part) Plate 5, Figures L–M
33a	Axial edges of some or all cycles of septa finely dentate or beaded	(Rhizangiidae) 34
33b	Axial edges of all septa smooth	38
34a	Thin epitheca encircles corallites; axial edges of S1-2 smooth, sometimes lobate (but inner edges of S3-4 dentate)	35
34b	Epitheca absent; axial edges of all septa dentate	36
35a	Corallite base polycyclic; one crown of large P3	[Atl.+ Pac.] Colangia Plate 6, Figures A–B
35b	Corallite base monocyclic; pali, if present, of uniform size	[IP] Culicia Plate 6, Figures C–D
36a	Corallite base polycyclic; pali absent	[IP] Oulangia Plate 6, Figures E–F
36b	Corallite base monocyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle	37
37a	Corallum stoloniferous (reptoid) or cerioid; peritheca absent	[Atl. + IP] Astrangia* Plate 6, Figures G–H
37b	Corallum massive (subramose); peritheca unite corallites	[Indian] Cladangia Plate 6, Figures I–J
38a	Pali or paliform lobes on axial edges of septal of all but last cycle	39
38b	Pali or paliform lobes present only on septa of penultimate cycle (usually P3)	41
39a	Corallum stoloniferous (reptoid)	[IWP] Rhizosmilia Plate 6, Figures K–L
39b	Corallites bud from a common basal coenosteum	40
40a	Corallites monocyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle, and all of approximately the same size	[IWP] Polycyathus Plate 7, Figures A–B
40b	Corallites polycyclic; pali before septa of all but last cycle, those of P3 crown much larger than others	[W. Atl.] Phacelocyathus Plate 7, Figures C–D
41a	Columella fascicular	42
41b	Columella trabecular	[Atl. + IP] Phyllangia Plate 7, Figures E–F
42a	Occurrence of pali variable: usually P4, occasionally also P3, occasionally absent	[E. Pac.] Bathycyathus Plate 7, Figures G–H
42b	Pali in one crown before septa of third cycle (P3)	[Atl. + Pac.] Coenocyathus Plate 7, Figures I–J
43a	Corallum firmly attached (fixed)	44
43b	Corallum unattached (free)	67
44a	Theca granular, the granules usually occurring on longitudinally oriented costae	45
44b	Theca smooth (epithecate or stereome-reinforced), sometimes with fine transverse ridges encircling the theca	53
44c	Theca and septa porous, although in some genera a smooth epitheca may cover the basal portion of the corallum	61
44d	Theca absent (corallum discoidal)	[E. Pac.] Nomlandia Plate 7, Figure K
45a	Columella papillose	46
45b	Columella fascicular	51
45c	Columella absent	52
45d	Columella labyrinthiform	[Atl. + IP] Labyrinthocyathus Plate 8, Figures A–B
46a	Pali or paliform lobes absent; base polycyclic	[W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Oxysmilia Plate 8, Figures C–D
46b	Pali or paliform lobes present; base monocyclic	47
47a	Coralla usually arranged in pseudocolonial assemblages	[W. Pac.] Lochmaeotrochus Plate 8, Figures G–H
47b	Coralla discrete	48
48a	Pali before S1-2 (P1, P2), indistinguishable from columellar elements	[W. Atl. + IWP] Monohedotrochus Plate 8, Figures E–F
48b	Pali before septa of all but last cycle; palar crowns discrete	49
49a	Multiple slender paliform lobes on axial edge of every lower cycle septum, not arranged in crowns	[Atl. + IP] Paracyathus Plate 8, Figures I–J
49b	Two crowns of discrete pali or paliform lobes (P1+P2 and P3), only one palus or paliform lobe per septum	50
50a	True pali present, the P1-2 smaller than P3 but not significantly	[Atl. + IP] Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) (in part) Plate 8, Figures K–L
50b	Paliform lobes present, the P1-2 much smaller than the broad P3	[W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Vaughanella Plate 9, Figures A–B
51a	Pali before septa of penultimate cycle	[Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) (in part) Plate 9, Figures C–D
51b	Pali absent	[Cosmopolitan] Crispatotrochus Plate 9, Figures E–F
52a	Corallum base monocentric; epitheca lacking; calice elliptical in outline; menianes lacking	[Cosmopolitan] Desmophyllum Plate 9, Figures G–H
52b	Corallum polycentric; transverse epithecal bands near corallum base; calicular outline modified by calicular extensions; menianes on septal faces	[W. Pac.] Dactylotrochus Plate 9, Figures I–J
53a	Columella absent or simply a rudimentary fusion of lower axial edges of major septa deep in fossa	54
53b	Columella present (papillose, fascicular or labyrinthiform)	57
54a	Pedicel reinforced (thickened) with stereome deposits	[Cosmopolitan] Javania Plate 9, Figures K–L
54b	Pedicel reinforced with hollow rootlets, most easily seen in cross section of base or pedicel, or in a damaged corallum	55
55a	Rootlets non-contiguous with pedicel, 2-20 adventitious rootlets anchoring the corallum	[IWP] Rhizotrochus Plate 10, Figures A–B
55b	Rootlets (symmetrical or asymmetrical in placement) contiguous with pedicel, forming an integral part of the lower corallum	56
56a	Calicular edge jagged	[W. Atl. + IP] Polymyces Plate 10, Figures C–D
56b	Calicular edge smooth	[E. Atl. + W. Pac.] Monomyces Plate 10, Figures E–F
57a	Columella papillose	58
57b	Columella fascicular	60
57c	Columella labyrinthiform	[W. Pac.] Stolarskicyathus Plate 10, Figures G–I
58a	Corallum base polycyclic; no notch between upper outer edges of septa and theca	59
58b	Base monocyclic, but may have an accessory basal rootlet; septal notch present	[W. Atl. + IWP] Gardineria Plate 10, Figures J–K
59a	Pali before septa of penultimate cycle	[Atl. + E. Pac.] Concentrotheca Plate 10, Figures L–M
59b	Paliform lobes present before septa of S1-2 (P1-2)	[E. Atl. + E. Pac.] Ceratotrochus Plate 11, Figures A–B
59c	Pali before septa of all but last cycle in two crowns	[Atl. + Pac.] Tethocyathus Plate 11, Figures C–D
60a	Corallum cylindrical and very small (calicular diameter less than 2 mm); a row of thecal spots or pores present in every interseptal region; octameral septal symmetry; only 1 columellar element	[Atl. + IWP] Guynia Plate 11, Figures E–G
60b	Corallum trochoid and larger (adult calicular diameter over 10 mm); thecal spots and pores lacking; hexameral symmetry; numerous columellar elements	[IWP] Conotrochus (in part) Plate 11, Figures H–I
61a	Septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan	62
61b	Septa arranged normally	63
62a	Corallum base polycyclic; theca costate	[Cosmopolitan] Balanophyllia (Balanophyllia)* Plate 11, Figures J–K
62b	Corallum base monocyclic; theca hispid (not costate)	[W. Atl. + SW Pac.] Thecopsammia Plate 11, Figures L–M
63a	Columella absent or rudimentary	64
63b	Columella spongy	65
64a	Corallum trochoid; theca costate	[W. Atl.] Trochopsammia Plate 12, Figures A–B
64b	Corallum subcylindrical (sometimes scolecoid); theca uniformly hispid (not costate)	[S. Africa] Pourtalopsammia Plate 12, Figures C–D
65a	Costae absent; axial edges of all septa smooth; no endothecal dissepiments	[W. Atl.] Bathypsammia Plate 12, Figures E–F
65b	Costae granular or hispid; axial edges of higher cycle septa dentate to laciniate; endothecal dissepiments present in an elongate corallum	66
66a	Columella not discrete (merging with lower axial edges of septa); costae weakly granular …	[IP] Endopsammia Plate 12, Figures G–H
66b	Columella discrete; costae hispid	[E. Atl. + IWP] Leptopsammia Plate 12, Figures I–J
67a	Corallum unattached (free) in every growth stage (lacking transverse division)	68
67b	Corallum undergoes transverse division, resulting in a free anthocyathus stage with a basal scar, but with a fixed anthocaulus stage	102
68a	Corallum conical (ceratoid, trochoid or turbinate)	69
68b	Corallum bowl-shaped	87
68c	Corallum cupolate (theca horizontal with no surrounding vertical theca)	91
68d	Corallum cuneiform	(Turbinoliidae, in part) 97
68e	Corallum globular (pores in base of corallum associated with commensal sipunculid)	101
68f	Corallum cylindrical	[Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Stenocyathus Plate 12, Figures K–L
69a	Columella papillose	70
69b	Columella rudimentary or absent	78
69c	Columella fascicular	83
69d	Columella trabecular	86
69e	Columella styliform	[SW Pac.] Turbinolia Plate 13, Figures A–B
69f	Columella spongy	[W. Atl. + IWP] Balanophyllia (Eupsammia) Plate 13, Figures C–D
70a	Pali or paliform lobes present	71
70b	Pali and paliform lobes absent	[IWP] Foveolocyathus Plate 13, Figures E–F
71a	Pali before septa of second cycle (P2)	72
71b	Pali or paliform lobes before septa of all but last cycle	77
71c	Pali or paliform lobes before septa of third cycle (P3)	E. Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Paraconotrochus Plate 13, Figures G–H
72a	Theca bears numerous linear rows of spots, pits or thecal perforations	73
72b	Theca solid, not bearing spots, pits or perforations	75
73a	Theca perforate	[W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Trematotrochus Plate 13, Figures I–J
73b	Theca bears linearly arranged spots or pits	74
74a	A row of pits occurs in each interseptal space on inner theca; costae granular	[W. Pac.] Endocyathopora Plate 13, Figures K–L
74b	A row of white spots occurs in each interseptal space on outer theca; theca smooth (epithecate) or covered with hispid spines	[W. Atl.] Pourtalocyathus Plate 14, Figures A–B
75a	Theca bears serrate costae	76
75b	Theca smooth (epithecate)	[SW Pac.] Lissotrochus Plate 14, Figures C–D
76a	Theca covered with twice as many costae as septa	[SW Pac.] Pleotrochus Plate 14, Figures E–F
76b	Costae and septa of equal number	[W. Atl. + W. Pac.] Cryptotrochus Plate 14, Figures G–H
77a	Pali discrete, pairs of P3 fused into chevrons within each system; no parricidal budding	[W. Pac.] Notocyathus Plate 14, Figures I–J
77b	Multiple paliform lobes on all septa; parricidal budding common	[IWP] Thrypticotrochus Plate 14, Figures K–L
78a	Theca smooth (epithecate), costae not present	79
78b	Theca granular, costae present (twice the number of septa)	82
79a	Rows of thecal spots visible on theca	80
79b	Thecal spots lacking	81
80a	Twelve contiguous rootlets present in pedicel; parricidal budding absent	[W. Pac.] Pedicellocyathus Plate 15, Figures A–C
80b	Rootlets lacking; parricidal budding from parent fragment common	[Atl.] Schizocyathus Plate 15, Figures D–E
81a	Calicular edge smooth	[Cosmopolitan] Flabellum (Flabellum) Plate 15, Figures F–G
81b	Calicular edge jagged	[Cosmopolitan] Flabellum (Ulocyathus) Plate 15, Figures H–I
82a	Theca perforate; septa hexamerally arranged in 3 or 4 cycles	[IWP] Conocyathus Plate 15, Figures J–K
82b	Theca imperforate; only10 septa (6+4)	[SW. Pac.] Holcotrochus Plate 15, Figures L–M
83a	Pali before septa of penultimate cycle (usually P3)	84
83b	Pali absent	[E. Pac.] Pseudocyathoceras Plate 16, Figures A–B
84a	Thecal edge spines or crests present	85
84b	Thecal edge spines and crests absent	[Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia)(in part) Plate 16, Figures C–D
85a	Base of corallum usually open, as though broken from parent through asexual budding	[Atl. + IWP] Premocyathus Plate 16, Figures E–F
85b	Base of corallum intact	[W. Pac.] Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) Plate 16, Figures G–H
86a	Theca costate; septal notch absent	[Atl. + IWP] Dasmosmilia Plate 16, Figures I–J
86b	Theca smooth; septal notch present	[E. Atl. + IWP + Ant.] Aulocyathus Plate 16, Figures K–M
87a	Paliform lobes on septa of all cycles; septal edges smooth	88
87b	Pali before septa of all but last cycle; septal edges smooth	90
87c	Pali before septa of third cycle (P3); septal edges smooth	[W. Pac.] Ericiocyathus Plate 17, Figures A–B
87d	Pali and paliform lobes absent; septal edges coarsely dentate	[W. Atl. + IWP] Anthemiphyllia (in part) Plate 17, Figures C–D
88a	Lower outer edge of corallum bears tubercles or spines on the C1 or C1-2	89
88b	Tubercles and spines absent	[Atl. + IWP] Stephanocyathus (Stephanocyathus) Plate 17, Figures E–F
89a	Six long C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum	[IWP] Stephanocyathus (Acinocyathus) Plate 17, Figures G–H
89b	Twelve to 18 short spines or tubercles on lower outer edge of corallum	[W. Atl. + IWP] Stephanocyathus (Odontocyathus) Plate 17, Figures I–J
90a	Six C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum	[W. Pac.] Trochocyathus (Aplocyathus) Plate 17, Figures K–M
90b	Costal spines absent	[Atl. +Pac.] Deltocyathoides Plate 18, Figures A–C
91a	Costae alternate in position with septa; higher cycle septa increase by bifurcation; thecal base perforate	(Micrabaciidae) 92
91b	Costae continuous with septa; higher cycle septa increase by adding additional cycles; base imperforate	95
92a	Septa rudimentary, composed of a series of tall spines	[Cosmopolitan] Leptopenus Plate 18, Figures D–E
92b	Septa lamellar	93
93a	Marginal shelf present; columella spongy	94
93b	Marginal shelf absent; columella solid	[IWP] Stephanophyllia Plate 18, Figures F–H
94a	Septa highly porous	[IWP] Letepsammia Plate 18, Figures I–K
94b	Septa essentially imperforate, porous only at points at which septa bifurcate	[IWP] Rhombopsammia Plate 18, Figures L–N
95a	Synapticular platelets absent; corallum robust; upper septal edges smooth	[Atl. + IP] Deltocyathus Plate 18, Figures O–Q
95b	Synapticular platelets brace adjacent septa; corallum fragile; upper septal edges bear slender elongate spines	96
96a	Corallum with five cycles of septa (96 septa)	[Atl. + IWP. + Ant.] Fungiacyathus (Fungiacyathus) Plate 19, Figures A–C
96b	Corallum with four cycles of septa (48 septa)	[Cosmopolitan] Fungiacyathus (Bathyactis) Plate 19, Figures D–F
97a	Thecal edge crests present	98
97b	Thecal edge crests absent	100
98a	Pali absent	99
98b	Pali present, before septa of all but last cycle	[IWP] Tropidocyathus Plate 19, Figures G–H
99a	Twice as many costae as septa	[W. Pac.] Alatotrochus Plate 19, Figures I–J
99b	Equal number of costae and septa	[IWP] Platytrochus Plate 19, Figures K–M
100a	Columella lamellar; pali absent	[Atl. + Pac.] Sphenotrochus Plate 19, Figures N–O
100b	Columella papillose; pali before septa of all but last cycle	[IWP] Cyathotrochus Plate 20, Figures A–B
101a	Theca imperforate (although septa may be perforate)	[IWP + W. Atl.] Heterocyathus* Plate 20, Figures C–E
101b	Theca and septa perforate	[IWP] Heteropsammia* (in part) Plate 20, Figures F–H
102a	Columella papillose	103
102b	Columella spongy	108
102c	Columella a solid fusion in center of calice	109
102d	Columella absent	110
102e	Columella fascicular	111
102f	Columella lamellar	[IWP] Placotrochus Plate 20, Figures I–J
102g	Columella trabecular	[Atl. + IWP] Placotrochides Plate 20, Figures N–O
103a	Pali before septa of all but last cycle	104
103b	Pali before S1-2 (P1-2)	106
103c	Pali before S2 (P2)	[SW Pac.] Kionotrochus Plate 21, Figures A–B
103d	Pali absent	[W. Atl. + IWP] Anthemiphyllia (in part) Plate 21, Figures C–E
104a	Six long C1 spines on lower outer edge of corallum	[W. Pac.] Bourneotrochus Plate 21, Figures F–H
104b	Thecal spines absent, although corallum may bear thecal edge crests	105
105a	Corallum small (calicular diameter usually less than 5 mm); higher cycle septa bend toward and fuse with adjacent lower cycle septa	[Atl. + W. Pac.] Peponocyathus Plate 21, Figures I–K
105b	Corallum larger (calicular diameter usually over 10 mm); higher cycle septa independent	[W. Pac.] Trochocyathus (Trochocyathus) (in part) Plate 21, Figures L–N
106a	Septa alternate in position with costae; thecal spots absent	107
106b	Septa correspond to costae; lines of thecal spots present	[W. Pac.] Temnotrochus Plate 21, Figures O–P
107a	Corallum cuneiform in shape, sometimes with basal thecal spurs (fish-tail morphology)	[W. Pac.] Idiotrochus Plate 22, Figures A–C
107b	Corallum (anthocyathus) discoidal to bowl-shaped, without thecal spurs	.[W. Pac.] Dunocyathus Plate 22, Figures D–E
108a	Septa arranged in a Pourtalès Plan; thecal edges often crested	[IP] Endopachys Plate 22, Figures F–G
108b	Septa normally arranged; thecal edges rounded	[SW Pac.] Notophyllia Plate 22, Figures H–J
109a	Multiple paliform lobes on septa of all but last cycle; thecal spots absent; corallum discoidal to cupolate in shape	[Indian] Australocyathus Plate 22, Figures K–L
109b	Pali and paliform lobes absent; linear rows of thecal spots present; corallum compressed-cylindrical	[W. Pac.] Truncatoguynia Plate 22, Figures M–N
110a	Buds propagate from thecal edges of corallum	[W. Pac.] Blastrotrochus Plate 23, Figures A–B
110b	No budding from thecal edges	[E. Atl. +IWP + Ant.] Truncatoflabellum Plate 23, Figures C–F
111a	Pali before third cycle septa; theca costate	[Cosmopolitan] Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) (in part) Plate 23, Figures G–H
111b	Paliform lobes before second cycle septa; epithecate	[SW Pac.] Falcatoflabellum Plate 20, Figures K-M