Technique, outcomes, and evolving role of extirpative laparoscopic and robotic surgery for renal cell carcinoma.

This article provides an overview of extirpative laparoscopic and robotic procedures used in the management of renal cell carcinoma, including laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy. The clinical indications and principles of surgical technique for each of these procedures are discussed. The oncologic, renal functional, and perioperative outcomes of these procedures are also assessed and compared, as are complication rates.