Characterization of hydroxyphenol-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers: interactions with phosphates by chemical force spectrometry.

Tannins and humic substances, commonly referred to as natural organic matter (NOM), constitute an important component of natural water and soil systems. These species contain numerous hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups whose reactivity is strongly dependent on both the quantity and location of these moieties on the aromatic ring. In the present study, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 4-(12-mercaptododecyl)benzene-1,2-diol (o-hydroxyphenol-terminated); 5-(12-mercaptododecyl)benzene-1,3-diol (m-hydroxyphenol-terminated); bis(11-thioundecyl) hydrogen phosphate (monoprotic phosphate); and 11-thioundecyl dihydrogen phosphate (diprotic phosphate) were prepared and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and water contact angle measurements. The interactions between phenolic groups with phosphates were examined as a function of pH using the chemical force spectrometry (CFS) technique. The observations are discussed in the context of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic repulsion interaction between corresponding species. Adhesion force profiles of hydroxyphenol isomers interacting with monoprotic phosphate are dominated by ionic H-bonding; however the strength of o-hydroxyphenol interactions is significantly higher. The difference in location of hydroxyl groups on the interface also results in significantly different force-distance profiles for the isomeric hydroxyphenols when interacting with diprotic phosphate.