Angioedema in the emergency department: an evidence-based review.

Angioedema is the end result of a variety of pathophysiological processes resulting in transient, localized, nonpitting swelling of the subcutaneous layer of the skin or submucosal layer of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts. It is now generally accepted that the swelling is mediated by either histamine or bradykinin. Angioedema may result in severe upper airway compromise or-less commonly recognized-compromise in the gastrointestinal tract often associated with severe abdominal pain. A variety of new therapeutic options are becoming available for use in the United States that have the potential to greatly impact the management and outcomes for those with severe clinical manifestations. This review assesses the evidence on the causes and treatments of angioedema in the emergency department and reviews the new therapeutic options available for treatment of angioedema based on their effectiveness, price, and availability.