Pierre Lafère1, Costantino Balestra, Walter Hemelryck, Nicola Donda, Ahmed Sakr, Adel Taher, Sandro Marroni, Peter Germonpré. 1. Anesthesiologist and physician in diving and hyperbaric medicine at the Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy of the Military Hospital in Brussels and an associate researcher at the Environmental and Occupational Physiology Laboratory of the Haute Ecole Paul-Henri Spaak, Brussels, Centre for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Military Hospital "Queen Astrid", Rue Bruyn 1, 1120 Brussels, Belgium, Phone: +32-(0)2-264 48 68, Fax: +32-(0)2-264 48 61, E-mail: doc.lafere@skynet.be.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Many divers report less fatigue following dives breathing enriched air nitrox (EANx) compared with breathing air. A reduction of post-dive fatigue with EANx would suggest a pathological origin, possibly the presence of asymptomatic nitrogen bubbles in the body after a dive. METHOD: We studied fatigue in 219 healthy divers performing either an air (n = 121) or EANx32 (oxygen 32%, nitrogen 68%; n = 98) dive to 21.2 ± 4 metres' sea water for 43.3 ± 8.6 minutes in tropical open-water conditions. Divers were assessed pre-dive and 30-60 minutes after surfacing using a visual analog scale (VAS) of fatigue and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF). RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in sex ratio, age and diving experience. The change in perceived fatigue level after a single dive was significantly lower when EANx was breathed compared to air dives (VAS; P < 0.001). Compared to pre-dive, CFFF decreased by 6% in the air group (P < 0.01) but increased by 4% in the EANx group (P < 0.05). The post-dive difference between the two groups was highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Three hypotheses should be considered to explain the difference in post-dive fatigue and alertness between the air and EANx groups: a nitrogen effect, an oxygen effect and a bubble effect. These involve complex phenomena in the functional modifications of the nervous system in hyperbaric environments according to the type of gas used for the dive, and more research will be required to elucidate them.
INTRODUCTION: Many divers report less fatigue following dives breathing enriched air nitrox (EANx) compared with breathing air. A reduction of post-dive fatigue with EANx would suggest a pathological origin, possibly the presence of asymptomatic nitrogen bubbles in the body after a dive. METHOD: We studied fatigue in 219 healthy divers performing either an air (n = 121) or EANx32 (oxygen 32%, nitrogen 68%; n = 98) dive to 21.2 ± 4 metres' sea water for 43.3 ± 8.6 minutes in tropical open-water conditions. Divers were assessed pre-dive and 30-60 minutes after surfacing using a visual analog scale (VAS) of fatigue and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF). RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in sex ratio, age and diving experience. The change in perceived fatigue level after a single dive was significantly lower when EANx was breathed compared to air dives (VAS; P < 0.001). Compared to pre-dive, CFFF decreased by 6% in the air group (P < 0.01) but increased by 4% in the EANx group (P < 0.05). The post-dive difference between the two groups was highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Three hypotheses should be considered to explain the difference in post-dive fatigue and alertness between the air and EANx groups: a nitrogen effect, an oxygen effect and a bubble effect. These involve complex phenomena in the functional modifications of the nervous system in hyperbaric environments according to the type of gas used for the dive, and more research will be required to elucidate them.
Authors: Xavier Ce Vrijdag; Hanna van Waart; Jamie W Sleigh; Costantino Balestra; Simon J Mitchell Journal: Diving Hyperb Med Date: 2020-12-20 Impact factor: 0.887
Authors: Juan P Fuentes; Santos Villafaina; Daniel Collado-Mateo; Ricardo de la Vega; Narcis Gusi; Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez Journal: J Med Syst Date: 2018-01-19 Impact factor: 4.460
Authors: Monica Rocco; P Pelaia; P Di Benedetto; G Conte; L Maggi; S Fiorelli; M Mercieri; C Balestra; R A De Blasi Journal: Eur J Appl Physiol Date: 2018-10-22 Impact factor: 3.078