BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been shown to cause many nonpulmonary cancers, including those of liver, pancreas and bladder. However, results of epidemiologic studies examining the association between smoking and gallbladder cancer (GBC) have been mixed. To clarify the association of cigarette smoking and GBC, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS: A literature search was performed using Medline (from 1 January 1966) and Embase (from 1 January 1974), through 31 January 2012, and by manually searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. Summary relative risks (SRRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 11 articles (10 case-control and one prospective cohort studies) were used in this meta-analysis, which is based on a total of 1178 GBC cases. Analysis of 11 studies found that smokers had an increased risk of GBC development, compared with nonsmokers (SRRs 1.45, 95% CIs, 1.11-1.89). There was moderate heterogeneity among studies (Q=18.15, P=0.052, I2 =44.9%). These increased risks were independent of alcohol use and a history of gallstones. No significant publication bias was found. CONCLUSION: Although the current evidence supports a positive link between cigarette smoking and risk of gallbladder cancer, additional population-based studies, particularly cohort studies, are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been shown to cause many nonpulmonary cancers, including those of liver, pancreas and bladder. However, results of epidemiologic studies examining the association between smoking and gallbladder cancer (GBC) have been mixed. To clarify the association of cigarette smoking and GBC, we performed a meta-analysis of observational studies. METHODS: A literature search was performed using Medline (from 1 January 1966) and Embase (from 1 January 1974), through 31 January 2012, and by manually searching the reference lists of pertinent articles. Summary relative risks (SRRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with a random-effects model. RESULTS: A total of 11 articles (10 case-control and one prospective cohort studies) were used in this meta-analysis, which is based on a total of 1178 GBC cases. Analysis of 11 studies found that smokers had an increased risk of GBC development, compared with nonsmokers (SRRs 1.45, 95% CIs, 1.11-1.89). There was moderate heterogeneity among studies (Q=18.15, P=0.052, I2 =44.9%). These increased risks were independent of alcohol use and a history of gallstones. No significant publication bias was found. CONCLUSION: Although the current evidence supports a positive link between cigarette smoking and risk of gallbladder cancer, additional population-based studies, particularly cohort studies, are needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Authors: Emma E McGee; Sarah S Jackson; Jessica L Petrick; Alison L Van Dyke; Hans-Olov Adami; Demetrius Albanes; Gabriella Andreotti; Laura E Beane-Freeman; Amy Berrington de Gonzalez; Julie E Buring; Andrew T Chan; Yu Chen; Gary E Fraser; Neal D Freedman; Yu-Tang Gao; Susan M Gapstur; J Michael Gaziano; Graham G Giles; Eric J Grant; Francine Grodstein; Patricia Hartge; Mazda Jenab; Cari M Kitahara; Synnove F Knutsen; Woon-Puay Koh; Susanna C Larsson; I-Min Lee; Linda M Liao; Juhua Luo; Roger L Milne; Kristine R Monroe; Marian L Neuhouser; Katie M O'Brien; Ulrike Peters; Jenny N Poynter; Mark P Purdue; Kim Robien; Dale P Sandler; Norie Sawada; Catherine Schairer; Howard D Sesso; Tracey G Simon; Rashmi Sinha; Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon; Shoichiro Tsugane; Renwei Wang; Elisabete Weiderpass; Stephanie J Weinstein; Emily White; Alicja Wolk; Jian-Min Yuan; Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte; Xuehong Zhang; Bin Zhu; Katherine A McGlynn; Peter T Campbell; Jill Koshiol Journal: J Natl Cancer Inst Date: 2019-12-01 Impact factor: 13.506
Authors: Qingwei Luo; Julia Steinberg; Xue Qin Yu; Marianne Weber; Michael Caruana; Sarsha Yap; Paul B Grogan; Emily Banks; Dianne L O'Connell; Karen Canfell Journal: J Epidemiol Community Health Date: 2022-06-24 Impact factor: 6.286