BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: China's Xuan Wei County in Yunnan Province have the world's highest incidence of lung cancer in nonsmoking women-20 times higher than the rest of China. Previous studies showed, this high lung cancer incidence may be associated with the silica particles embedded in the production combustion from the C1 coal. The aim of this study is to separate the silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal in Xuan Wei County of Yunnan Province, and study in vitro toxicity of naturally occurring silica particles on BEAS-2B. METHODS: ①Separating the silica particles from combustion products of C1 bituminous coal by physical method, observing the morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope, analysis elements by SEM-EDX, observed the single particle morphology by Transmission Electron Microscope, analyed its particle size distribution by Laser particle size analyzer, the surface area of silica particles were determined by BET nitrogen adsorption analysis; ②Cell viability of the experimental group (silica; naturally occurring), control group (silica; industrial produced and crystalline silica) was detected by assay used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined after 24 h-72 h exposed to these particles. RESULTS: ①The physical method can separate silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal, which have different size, and from 30 nm to 120 nm particles accounted for 86.8%, different morphology, irregular surface area and containing trace of aluminum, calcium and iron and other elements; ②Under the same concentration, the experiment group have higher toxicity on BEAS-2B than control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Physical method can separate silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal and not change the original morphology and containing trace; ②Naturally occurring silica nanoparticles have irregular morphology, surface area, and containing complex trace elements may has greater toxicity than the silica nanoparticle of industrial produced and crystalline silica.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: China's Xuan Wei County in Yunnan Province have the world's highest incidence of lung cancer in nonsmoking women-20 times higher than the rest of China. Previous studies showed, this high lung cancer incidence may be associated with the silica particles embedded in the production combustion from the C1 coal. The aim of this study is to separate the silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal in Xuan Wei County of Yunnan Province, and study in vitro toxicity of naturally occurring silica particles on BEAS-2B. METHODS: ①Separating the silica particles from combustion products of C1 bituminous coal by physical method, observing the morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope, analysis elements by SEM-EDX, observed the single particle morphology by Transmission Electron Microscope, analyed its particle size distribution by Laser particle size analyzer, the surface area of silica particles were determined by BET nitrogen adsorption analysis; ②Cell viability of the experimental group (silica; naturally occurring), control group (silica; industrial produced and crystalline silica) was detected by assay used the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined after 24 h-72 h exposed to these particles. RESULTS: ①The physical method can separate silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal, which have different size, and from 30 nm to 120 nm particles accounted for 86.8%, different morphology, irregular surface area and containing trace of aluminum, calcium and iron and other elements; ②Under the same concentration, the experiment group have higher toxicity on BEAS-2B than control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Physical method can separate silica particles from production combustion from the C1 bituminous coal and not change the original morphology and containing trace; ②Naturally occurring silica nanoparticles have irregular morphology, surface area, and containing complex trace elements may has greater toxicity than the silica nanoparticle of industrial produced and crystalline silica.
中国云南省宣威地区(包括宣威、富源、麒麟和沾益等)(E 103°35′30″-104°49′48″, N 25°02′38″-26°44′50″),位于中国西南部,该地区拥有人口约310万,95%为农村居民,是世界非吸烟女性肺癌发病率最高的地区之一,甚至在宣威县的来宾镇,女性肺癌发病率高达400/100, 000,是全国平均水平的20倍[。宣威地区女性肺癌高发病率受到国内外众多学者的关注,最近的研究[表明,宣威地区女性肺癌高发可能与当地开采和使用的C1烟煤及其燃烧产物(底灰和烟尘)中含有的大量超细二氧化硅颗粒物紧密联系。1996年国际癌症研究机构(International Agency For Research On Cancer, IARC)将石英(结晶型二氧化硅)规定为人类第一类致癌物质,相关研究也支持石英是一种肺部致癌物质[,这些研究成果主要来自于对工业场所和职业环境暴露(如:喷砂、陶瓷工人、水泥制造、采石、建筑工人等)二氧化硅研究后获得。中国云南省宣威地区非吸烟女性肺癌可能是自然暴露(室内燃煤空气污染)二氧化硅后形成肺癌的良好模型。因此,从C1烟煤燃烧产物中分离天然产出的纳米二氧化硅颗粒物,分析这些颗粒物的粒径分布、表面特征和显微组分依存关系,研究这种自然产出的纳米二氧化硅是否比已知的有毒颗粒物(工业生产的纳米二氧化硅和结晶型二氧化硅)具有更高的体外细胞毒性,能为纳米二氧化硅致肺癌发生的假说提供理论支持,为纳米颗粒物毒性研究提供重要参考数据。
The fibrous silica micronparticles (A) and spheral silica nanoparticles (B) in C1 coal ash, and containing traces of iron and calcium(C)
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底灰中分离出的二氧化硅颗粒物形态及能谱分析,赋存钙、铁和铝元素
The picture of silica particles separated from coal ash and the EDX analysis, containing traces of iron, calcium and aluminum
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激光粒度分析结果,分离出的二氧化硅颗粒物主要分布在30 nm-120 nm之间
Particle size analysis by laser particle size analyzer, the silica particles are mainly distributed from 30 nm to 120 nm
C1烟煤燃烧后底灰中的纤维状微米级二氧化硅颗粒物(A)和球形纳米二氧化硅颗粒物(B),能谱分析发现赋存有钙、铁等元素(C)The fibrous silica micronparticles (A) and spheral silica nanoparticles (B) in C1 coal ash, and containing traces of iron and calcium(C)底灰中分离出的二氧化硅颗粒物形态及能谱分析,赋存钙、铁和铝元素The picture of silica particles separated from coal ash and the EDX analysis, containing traces of iron, calcium and aluminum激光粒度分析结果,分离出的二氧化硅颗粒物主要分布在30 nm-120 nm之间Particle size analysis by laser particle size analyzer, the silica particles are mainly distributed from 30 nm to 120 nm通过透射电子显微镜进行单颗粒形态分析,发现这些颗粒物表面不光滑,形态不规整,少数呈纤维状,单颗粒主要成分为硅元素,赋存有铝、铁和锰等元素(图 4)。
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底灰中分离出的二氧化硅单颗粒形貌,表面不光滑,形貌不规则,赋存有铝、铁和锰元素
The morphology of single silica nanoparticles separated from coal ash, have irregular surface area and containing traces of iron, calcium and manganese
底灰中分离出的二氧化硅单颗粒形貌,表面不光滑,形貌不规则,赋存有铝、铁和锰元素The morphology of single silica nanoparticles separated from coal ash, have irregular surface area and containing traces of iron, calcium and manganese
Changes in viability of BEAS-2B cells after 48 h exposure to 10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, or 100 μg/mL of naturally-occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm industrially-produced silica particles and crystalline silica (Min-U-Sil5). Values are the Mean±SD from three independent experiments. *Indicates the decrease in cell viability was significantly different (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01).
暴露10 μg/mL、50 μg/mL或100 μg/mL自然产出的二氧化硅(宣威组)、工业生产的50 nm二氧化硅和结晶型二氧化硅48 h后BEAS-2B细胞成活率变化情况,数值采用均数±标准差表示。*表示细胞成活率下降组间比较有差异,**表示组间比较有明显差异Changes in viability of BEAS-2B cells after 48 h exposure to 10 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, or 100 μg/mL of naturally-occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm industrially-produced silica particles and crystalline silica (Min-U-Sil5). Values are the Mean±SD from three independent experiments. *Indicates the decrease in cell viability was significantly different (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01).
The LDH level changes of BEAS-2B cells after 24 h-72 h exposure to naturally occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm silica nanoparticles (industrial produced) and crystalline silica, values are Mean±SD from three independent experiments. *Indicated the LDH level differentb (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01)
自然产出的纳米二氧化硅、结晶型二氧化硅和工业生产的纳米二氧化硅(50 nm)刺激24 h-72 h后,BEAS-2B细胞LDH水平变化情况,数值采用Mean±SD表示,*代表相同时间点上LDH水平上升组间比较有差异(P < 0.05),**代表LDH水平上升组间比较有明显差异(P < 0.01)The LDH level changes of BEAS-2B cells after 24 h-72 h exposure to naturally occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm silica nanoparticles (industrial produced) and crystalline silica, values are Mean±SD from three independent experiments. *Indicated the LDH level differentb (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01)细胞内活性氧化酶(reactive oxygen species, ROS)通过二氯荧光素(dichlorofluorescin, DCF)荧光强度来表示,DCF荧光强度随二氧化硅刺激时间的延长而增加。与空白组相比,当刺激时间为24 h时,宣威组的荧光强度增加了37.4%,与结晶型二氧化硅组增加的16.6%相比有差异(P=0.047, 2);当刺激时间为48 h时,宣威组的荧光强度增加了48.1%,与结晶型二氧化硅组增加的26.8%相比有明显差异(P < 0.001),与50 nm二氧化硅组增加的30.1%相比有差异(P=0.031, 2);当刺激时间为72 h时,宣威组的荧光强度增加了70.5%,与50 nm二氧化硅组增加的48.9%和结晶型二氧化硅增加的41.2%相比均有明显差异(P < 0.001, P=0.001)(图 7)。ROS是细胞代谢活化过程中产生的一系列活性氧簇,ROS的氧化能力强,广泛参与胞内信号的传递,能激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs)通路和转录因子复合物激活蛋白1(transcription factor complexes including activator protein-1, AP-1)通路。这些通路的激活可能促进炎症反应,增加感染,甚至与癌症发生相关[。
The DCF-fluorescence increase of BEAS-2B cells after 24 h-72 h exposed to naturally occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm silica nanoparticles (industrially produced) and crystalline silica. Values are Mean±SD from three independent experiments, *indicated the DCF-fluorescence increase differently (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01)
自然产出的纳米二氧化硅、结晶型二氧化硅和工业生产的纳米二氧化硅(50 nm)刺激24 h-72 h后,BEAS-2B细胞DCF荧光强度的变化。数值采用Mean±SD表示,*代表DCF荧光强度增加组间比较有差异(P < 0.05),**代表DCF荧光强度增加组间比较有明显差异(P < 0.01)The DCF-fluorescence increase of BEAS-2B cells after 24 h-72 h exposed to naturally occurring silica nanoparticles (Xuan Wei group), 50 nm silica nanoparticles (industrially produced) and crystalline silica. Values are Mean±SD from three independent experiments, *indicated the DCF-fluorescence increase differently (P < 0.05), ** (P < 0.01)
Authors: J L Mumford; X Z He; R S Chapman; S R Cao; D B Harris; X M Li; Y L Xian; W Z Jiang; C W Xu; J C Chuang Journal: Science Date: 1987-01-09 Impact factor: 47.728
Authors: Timothy N Perkins; Arti Shukla; Paul M Peeters; Jeremy L Steinbacher; Christopher C Landry; Sherrill A Lathrop; Chad Steele; Niki L Reynaert; Emiel F M Wouters; Brooke T Mossman Journal: Part Fibre Toxicol Date: 2012-02-02 Impact factor: 9.400