Time-asymmetric photovoltaics.

Limits upon photovoltaic energy conversion efficiency generally are formulated using the detailed balance approach of Shockley and Queisser. One key underlying assumption is invariance upon time reversal, underpinning detailed balance itself. Recent proposals for compact, layered, time-asymmetrical, magneto-optical devices make their routine implementation likely. It is shown that such time-asymmetry can alter the relationship between solar cell emission and absorption assumed in the Shockley-Queisser approach, allowing generally accepted photovoltaic performance limits to be exceeded.