Role of microRNAs in cardiac remodelling: new insights and future perspectives.

Cardiac remodelling is a key process in the progression of cardiovascular disease, implemented in myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Fibroblasts, extracellular matrix proteins, coronary vasculature, cardiac myocytes and ionic channels are all involved in this remodelling process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a sizable sub-group of small non-coding RNAs, which degrade or inhibit the translation of their target mRNAs, thus regulating gene expression and play an important role in a wide range of biologic processes. Recent studies have reported that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in the cardiovascular system under some pathological conditions. Indeed, in vitro and in vivo models have revealed that miRNAs are essential for cardiac development and remodelling. Clinically, there is increasing evidence of the potential diagnostic role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and they may represent a novel therapeutic target in several cardiovascular disorders. This paper provides an overview of the impact of several miRNAs in electrical and structural remodelling of the cardiac tissue, and the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNA in cardiovascular disease.