Percutaneous bladder procedures.

Endourology must now include lower urinary tract pathology. The above techniques utilize equipment that is readily available in most centers performing percutaneous procedures. As with the upper tract endourology, the procedures performed in the bladder are likely to reduce morbidity and hospital stay, and in fact, many of these procedures are performed in the office setting under local anesthesia. Our experience was initially in the geriatric population but has now expanded widely, and we use this approach primarily in many bladder cases.