Do calcifying nanoparticles really contain 16S rDNA?

Dear editor

With great interest, I read a recent article published in the International Journal of Nanomedicine by Guo et al.1 This study involved an analysis of calcifying nanoparticles to determine the presence of unique 16S rDNA. Nanoparticles that have since been isolated from biological samples have properties that appear to be consistent with a novel life form, including “self-replication”. However, despite a large body of intriguing and suggestive evidence, the true biological nature of nanoparticles has been elusive, and in the past decade this subject has spurred one of the biggest controversies in modern microbiology.2 First, the results published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Cisar et al reached a completely opposite conclusion to the original assertion by Kajander and Ciftçioglu, which identified nanobacteria as living organisms.3,4 In addition, a closer look at the 16S rDNA sequences previously ascribed to so-called nanobacterial species showed that they are virtually identical to those of a notorious contaminating microorganism, Phyllobacterium mysinacearum. Second, after this report, multiple evidence-based studies were conducted in order to better understand the actual biological composition and self-propagation of nanobacteria.5–7 None of these findings are conclusive; however, biological insights of this mystery are now emerging.

The study comprehensively succeeded in demonstrating evidence of the widespread occurrence of calcific disease, a hallmark feature of calcifying nanoparticles. Nevertheless, unlike previous reports,3,7,8 the study raises the intriguing possibility that these special particles contain nucleic acids. Particularly, the authors isolated DNA from decalcified nanoparticles retrieved from placental calcification tissues. Notably, in a well-defined experiment, the amplified genes showed 83% sequence identity with previously reported 16S rDNA for nanobacteria (EMBL X98419). Thus, an important issue not addressed by this study is that definitive proof, or “need-to-know” questions, regarding “DNA” must be answered with convincing evidence. However, no significant (or supplementary) data were provided to better describe the special methods used to isolate nanoparticle DNA from nanobacteria. Furthermore, limited information is available regarding the maintenance of their nanoparticle culture; nanoparticle culturing methods are critical for avoiding opportunistic bacterial contamination.

In summary, this field has suffered from important limitations and misinterpretations in demonstrating nanobacteria as novel organisms. Thus, an alternative, although in no ways less interesting, understanding is that calcifying nanoparticles are self-propagating and of protein-based particulate nature, or that they are “reminiscent of prion particles.” These observations are considered to be important contributing factors for microcalcification.6,9 However, no consensus has been reached.