Patterns of venom production and temporal polyethism in workers of Jerdon's jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator.

Ants are chemical factories, and among their more noticeable products are their venoms. Though many studies have addressed the properties and activities of ant venoms, basic venom-related physiological questions, such as how venom production and replacement may vary with age, are rarely addressed. The answers to these questions are fundamental to understanding the physiological capabilities of these organisms, as well as the parameters within which potential optimization of their investment in venom production must take place. The only previous investigation into venom production in ants found it to be limited to early life in workers of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Haight and Tschinkel, 2003). Because similar studies have not been conducted for comparison, it is unclear whether or not this is a common physiological pattern in ants. As a parsimonious way to address this question, and, more generally, to increase the currently scant information available regarding the venom-producing capabilities of ants, the longevity, temporal polyethism, age-related venom production, and age-related venom replacement capabilities of workers of Jerdon's jumping ant, Harpegnathos saltator were investigated. Longevity varied from 10 days to nearly 2 years, with a median lifespan of 206 days. Workers remained in the nest when young, transitioned to outside work (foraging) after 50 days of age, and reached a plateau in their tendency to be outside the nest at 74 days of age. They eclosed with empty venom sacs, filled them by about 57 days of age, and were able to replace venom at all three ages tested (though at a higher rate when aged 100 days than 30 and 206). So, venom-production ability is not limited to early life in H. saltator workers, and aspects of venom physiology and exploratory behavior appear to coincide in a manner likely to result in foraging efficiency benefits; venom sacs reach fullness around the age workers begin their foraging careers, and venom replacement rate is highest around the age workers become the most dedicated foragers.