Nuclear thiols: technical limitations on the determination of endogenous nuclear glutathione and the potential importance of sulfhydryl proteins.

Significant discrepancies were found between the values for glutathione levels determined by the Tietze enzymatic assay and those measured by labeling with monobromobimane followed by HPLC analysis when these methods were applied to proliferating and quiescent cells of the 66 murine mammary tumor line depleted of glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine or to nuclei prepared from these cells by permeabilization with Nonident detergent. The probable origin of the discrepancy was traced to the presence of acid-soluble sulfhydryl proteins in the extracts which are thought to lead to erroneous values in the Tietze assay method. Using the monobromobimane-HPLC method it was found that the low-molecular-weight thiol levels in nuclei prepared by detergent permeabilization equilibrate in less than 1 min with the permeabilizing medium, indicating that (i) endogenous nuclear glutathione levels cannot be determined reliably using conventional methods of cellular disruption and (ii) the endogenous nuclear glutathione level is likely to be the same as the cytoplasmic value. The levels of protein sulfhydryl associated with the nuclear preparations were found to be of the same magnitude as the cytoplasmic GSH level and must therefore be considered a potentially significant source of thiol capable of repairing DNA radicals.