AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of age, gender, physiological, and global cardiac function parameters on differences in normal 3D blood flow in the left ventricle (LV) and atrium (LA) using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four-dimensional flow MRI was acquired in healthy volunteers of two age and gender groups: <30 years (6 women, n = 12) and >50 years (6 women, n = 12). Systolic and early to mid-diastolic vortex flow (number of vortices, duration, area, peak velocity inside the vortex) in the LA and LV was assessed using intra-cardiac flow visualization based on 3D particle traces and velocity vector fields. A larger number of vortices in the LA were found in young compared with older individuals (number of diastolic vortices: 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7, P = 0.01) with higher velocities (54 ± 12 cm/s vs. 41 ± 11 cm/s in systole, 47 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 8 cm/s in diastole, P < 0.05). Vortices in the LV base were smaller in women compared with men (369 ± 133 vs. 543 ± 176 mm(2), P = 0.009), while vortex size was increased in mid-ventricular locations (maximum area: 546 ± 321 vs. 293 ± 174 mm(2), P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships (P = 0.005-0.048, correlation coefficients = 0.44-0.84) between LA and LV vortex characteristics (number, size, vortex velocities) and blood pressure as well as end-diastolic volume, LV length, and ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Flow patterns in the left heart demonstrated differences related to age, gender, blood pressure, and ventricular geometry. The findings constitute a prerequisite for the understanding of the impact of cardiac disease on intra-cardiac haemodynamics.
AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of age, gender, physiological, and global cardiac function parameters on differences in normal 3D blood flow in the left ventricle (LV) and atrium (LA) using 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four-dimensional flow MRI was acquired in healthy volunteers of two age and gender groups: <30 years (6 women, n = 12) and >50 years (6 women, n = 12). Systolic and early to mid-diastolic vortex flow (number of vortices, duration, area, peak velocity inside the vortex) in the LA and LV was assessed using intra-cardiac flow visualization based on 3D particle traces and velocity vector fields. A larger number of vortices in the LA were found in young compared with older individuals (number of diastolic vortices: 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7, P = 0.01) with higher velocities (54 ± 12 cm/s vs. 41 ± 11 cm/s in systole, 47 ± 13 vs. 31 ± 8 cm/s in diastole, P < 0.05). Vortices in the LV base were smaller in women compared with men (369 ± 133 vs. 543 ± 176 mm(2), P = 0.009), while vortex size was increased in mid-ventricular locations (maximum area: 546 ± 321 vs. 293 ± 174 mm(2), P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships (P = 0.005-0.048, correlation coefficients = 0.44-0.84) between LA and LV vortex characteristics (number, size, vortex velocities) and blood pressure as well as end-diastolic volume, LV length, and ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Flow patterns in the left heart demonstrated differences related to age, gender, blood pressure, and ventricular geometry. The findings constitute a prerequisite for the understanding of the impact of cardiac disease on intra-cardiac haemodynamics.
Authors: Daniel Rodriguez Muñoz; Michael Markl; José Luis Moya Mur; Alex Barker; Covadonga Fernández-Golfín; Patrizio Lancellotti; José Luis Zamorano Gómez Journal: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging Date: 2013-08-01 Impact factor: 6.875
Authors: Julio Garcia; Roel L F van der Palen; Emilie Bollache; Kelly Jarvis; Michael J Rose; Alex J Barker; Jeremy D Collins; James C Carr; Joshua Robinson; Cynthia K Rigsby; Michael Markl Journal: J Magn Reson Imaging Date: 2017-05-26 Impact factor: 4.813
Authors: Margaret E McCormick; Elisabetta Manduchi; Walter R T Witschey; Robert C Gorman; Joseph H Gorman; Yi-Zhou Jiang; Christian J Stoeckert; Alex J Barker; Samuel Yoon; Michael Markl; Peter F Davies Journal: J Biomech Date: 2016-11-16 Impact factor: 2.712
Authors: Daniel C Lee; Michael Markl; Jason Ng; Maria Carr; Brandon Benefield; James C Carr; Jeffrey J Goldberger Journal: Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging Date: 2015-11-20 Impact factor: 6.875
Authors: Jeffrey J Goldberger; Rishi Arora; David Green; Philip Greenland; Daniel C Lee; Donald M Lloyd-Jones; Michael Markl; Jason Ng; Sanjiv J Shah Journal: Circulation Date: 2015-07-28 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Michael Markl; Daniel C Lee; Nicholas Furiasse; Maria Carr; Charles Foucar; Jason Ng; James Carr; Jeffrey J Goldberger Journal: Circ Cardiovasc Imaging Date: 2016-09 Impact factor: 7.792