BACKGROUND: There are no guidelines for the management of brain abscesses in children, and there is a paucity of recent data describing clinical and microbiologic features. We aimed to identify factors affecting outcome to inform antibiotic recommendations. METHODS: From 1999 to 2009, 118 children presented with brain abscesses to 4 neurosurgical centers in the United Kingdom. Clinical, microbiologic and treatment data were collected. RESULTS: The commonest preceding infection was sinusitis, with 59% of all children receiving antibiotics before diagnosis. Nonspecific symptoms were common, with only 13% having the triad of fever, headache and focal neurological deficit. Time between symptom onset and diagnosis varied widely (median, 10 days; range, 0-44). Magnetic resonance imaging was more frequently diagnostic than computed tomography. The most frequent organisms were Streptococcus milleri (38%), except after penetrating head injury or neurosurgery, for which Staphylococcus aureus was most common. The commonest empiric antibiotics were ceftriaxone/cefotaxime and metronidazole, which offered effective antimicrobial therapy in up to 83% of cases. Metronidazole added benefit in a maximum of 7% of cases, with ceftriaxone/cefotaxime alone sufficient in at least 76% and in all cases with cyanotic congenital heart disease or meningitis. A carbapenem would have been effective in 90%. The case fatality rate was 6% (33% in the immunocompromised). Long-term neurological sequelae affected 35%. Age younger than 5 years and a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 were associated with poor outcome at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend ceftriaxone/cefotaxime and metronidazole as empiric treatment, although metronidazole may be unnecessary in many cases, with antistaphylococcal cover in cases of head trauma. Meropenem potentially would be a better choice in the immunocompromised. A prospective study of intravenous and oral treatment guided by clinical improvement is required beause 1-2 weeks of intravenous antibiotics during a total of 6 weeks may be sufficient in children.
BACKGROUND: There are no guidelines for the management of brain abscesses in children, and there is a paucity of recent data describing clinical and microbiologic features. We aimed to identify factors affecting outcome to inform antibiotic recommendations. METHODS: From 1999 to 2009, 118 children presented with brain abscesses to 4 neurosurgical centers in the United Kingdom. Clinical, microbiologic and treatment data were collected. RESULTS: The commonest preceding infection was sinusitis, with 59% of all children receiving antibiotics before diagnosis. Nonspecific symptoms were common, with only 13% having the triad of fever, headache and focal neurological deficit. Time between symptom onset and diagnosis varied widely (median, 10 days; range, 0-44). Magnetic resonance imaging was more frequently diagnostic than computed tomography. The most frequent organisms were Streptococcus milleri (38%), except after penetrating head injury or neurosurgery, for which Staphylococcus aureus was most common. The commonest empiric antibiotics were ceftriaxone/cefotaxime and metronidazole, which offered effective antimicrobial therapy in up to 83% of cases. Metronidazole added benefit in a maximum of 7% of cases, with ceftriaxone/cefotaxime alone sufficient in at least 76% and in all cases with cyanotic congenital heart disease or meningitis. A carbapenem would have been effective in 90%. The case fatality rate was 6% (33% in the immunocompromised). Long-term neurological sequelae affected 35%. Age younger than 5 years and a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8 were associated with poor outcome at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend ceftriaxone/cefotaxime and metronidazole as empiric treatment, although metronidazole may be unnecessary in many cases, with antistaphylococcal cover in cases of head trauma. Meropenem potentially would be a better choice in the immunocompromised. A prospective study of intravenous and oral treatment guided by clinical improvement is required beause 1-2 weeks of intravenous antibiotics during a total of 6 weeks may be sufficient in children.
Authors: I Raffaldi; S Garazzino; G Castelli Gattinara; R Lipreri; L Lancella; S Esposito; A M Giannini; C Montagnani; G L Marseglia; C Pignata; F Bernardi; P-A Tovo Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2017-08-03 Impact factor: 4.434
Authors: Fabian J S van der Velden; Alexandra Battersby; Lucia Pareja-Cebrian; Nicholas Ross; Stephen L Ball; Marieke Emonts Journal: BMC Pediatr Date: 2019-04-25 Impact factor: 2.125