| Literature DB >> 22969606 |
M Kowiel, N Zelisko, D Atamanyuk, R Lesyk, A K Gzella.
Abstract
The title compound, C(17)H(15)Br(2)NO(6)S(2)·C(2)H(5)OH, is the esterification reaction product of 2-(8,10-dibromo-2,6-dioxo-3,5,5a,11b-tetra-hydro-2H,6H-chromeno[4',3':4,5]thio-pyrano[2,3-d]thia-zol-5a-yl)acetic acid. Cleavage of the lactone ring and formation of eth-oxy-carbonyl and hy-droxy groups from its structural elements were observed. On the other hand, the carb-oxy-methyl group was not esterified. The H atom and carb-oxy-methyl group, both at stereogenic centres, show a cis conformation. The six-membered dihydro-thio-pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation. All NH and OH groups participate in the three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network, which is additionally strengthened by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S inter-actions. Intramolecular O-H⋯Br and C-H⋯O interactions also occur.Entities:
Year: 2012 PMID: 22969606 PMCID: PMC3435735 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812035325
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online ISSN: 1600-5368
| C17H15Br2NO6S2·C2H6O | |
| Monoclinic, | Melting point = 510–512 K |
| Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Mo |
| Cell parameters from 6534 reflections | |
| θ = 2.4–29.1° | |
| µ = 3.72 mm−1 | |
| β = 113.303 (6)° | |
| Block, colourless | |
| 0.45 × 0.40 × 0.25 mm |
| Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Atlas diffractometer | 5539 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: Enhance (Mo) X-ray Source | 4500 reflections with |
| Graphite monochromator | |
| ω scans | θmax = 29.1°, θmin = 2.4° |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan ( | |
| 15312 measured reflections |
| Refinement on | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites | |
| H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement | |
| 5539 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.002 |
| 298 parameters | Δρmax = 1.08 e Å−3 |
| 0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.87 e Å−3 |
| Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
| Refinement. Refinement of |
| Br1 | 0.996319 (13) | 0.62878 (3) | 0.839566 (12) | 0.03491 (8) | |
| Br2 | 1.074501 (12) | 0.35750 (3) | 0.592151 (13) | 0.02712 (7) | |
| S1 | 0.75077 (3) | 0.80961 (6) | 0.48078 (3) | 0.01618 (11) | |
| C2 | 0.71841 (11) | 0.8163 (2) | 0.37660 (11) | 0.0157 (4) | |
| N3 | 0.69780 (10) | 0.66259 (19) | 0.34724 (9) | 0.0148 (3) | |
| H3 | 0.6864 (14) | 0.639 (3) | 0.2971 (14) | 0.017 (6)* | |
| C4 | 0.70683 (11) | 0.5421 (2) | 0.40400 (10) | 0.0126 (4) | |
| S5 | 0.68259 (3) | 0.33898 (6) | 0.37237 (3) | 0.01932 (11) | |
| C6 | 0.72417 (12) | 0.2434 (2) | 0.46983 (11) | 0.0144 (4) | |
| H6A | 0.7010 | 0.1332 | 0.4647 | 0.017* | |
| H6B | 0.7866 | 0.2345 | 0.4884 | 0.017* | |
| C7 | 0.70239 (11) | 0.3352 (2) | 0.53289 (10) | 0.0115 (3) | |
| C8 | 0.74732 (10) | 0.5062 (2) | 0.55304 (10) | 0.0104 (3) | |
| H8 | 0.7183 | 0.5682 | 0.5812 | 0.013* | |
| C9 | 0.73311 (11) | 0.5980 (2) | 0.47848 (10) | 0.0115 (4) | |
| O10 | 0.71500 (8) | 0.94164 (17) | 0.33849 (8) | 0.0213 (3) | |
| C11 | 0.60359 (11) | 0.3610 (2) | 0.50519 (11) | 0.0140 (4) | |
| H11A | 0.5927 | 0.4331 | 0.5422 | 0.017* | |
| H11B | 0.5816 | 0.4140 | 0.4538 | 0.017* | |
| C12 | 0.55580 (11) | 0.2028 (2) | 0.49939 (11) | 0.0156 (4) | |
| O13 | 0.59224 (8) | 0.07109 (16) | 0.51734 (8) | 0.0178 (3) | |
| O14 | 0.47090 (8) | 0.22172 (18) | 0.47434 (9) | 0.0224 (3) | |
| H14 | 0.4454 (16) | 0.132 (3) | 0.4748 (16) | 0.037 (8)* | |
| C15 | 0.73196 (11) | 0.2392 (2) | 0.61104 (11) | 0.0132 (4) | |
| O16 | 0.70277 (8) | 0.26568 (16) | 0.66029 (7) | 0.0182 (3) | |
| O17 | 0.79311 (8) | 0.12991 (15) | 0.61807 (8) | 0.0171 (3) | |
| C18 | 0.82447 (13) | 0.0290 (3) | 0.69041 (12) | 0.0246 (5) | |
| H18A | 0.8501 | −0.0706 | 0.6807 | 0.030* | |
| H18B | 0.7759 | −0.0016 | 0.7033 | 0.030* | |
| C19 | 0.89052 (17) | 0.1187 (3) | 0.75959 (15) | 0.0419 (7) | |
| H19A | 0.8633 | 0.2095 | 0.7738 | 0.063* | |
| H19B | 0.9361 | 0.1583 | 0.7452 | 0.063* | |
| H19C | 0.9143 | 0.0455 | 0.8038 | 0.063* | |
| C20 | 0.84402 (11) | 0.4998 (2) | 0.60762 (10) | 0.0112 (3) | |
| C21 | 0.87065 (11) | 0.5535 (2) | 0.68594 (10) | 0.0133 (4) | |
| C22 | 0.95879 (12) | 0.5481 (3) | 0.73445 (10) | 0.0186 (4) | |
| C23 | 1.02008 (11) | 0.4888 (3) | 0.70848 (11) | 0.0202 (4) | |
| H23 | 1.0783 | 0.4837 | 0.7423 | 0.024* | |
| C24 | 0.99208 (12) | 0.4375 (2) | 0.63082 (12) | 0.0173 (4) | |
| C25 | 0.90546 (11) | 0.4444 (2) | 0.58003 (11) | 0.0143 (4) | |
| H25 | 0.8883 | 0.4122 | 0.5275 | 0.017* | |
| O26 | 0.80868 (9) | 0.61034 (17) | 0.70964 (8) | 0.0207 (3) | |
| H26 | 0.8325 (17) | 0.644 (3) | 0.7654 (17) | 0.046 (8)* | |
| O27 | 0.84716 (10) | 1.0647 (2) | 0.30489 (9) | 0.0325 (4) | |
| H27 | 0.8036 (16) | 1.032 (3) | 0.3155 (15) | 0.041 (7)* | |
| C28 | 0.91066 (14) | 1.1225 (3) | 0.37811 (13) | 0.0307 (5) | |
| H28A | 0.9057 | 1.0634 | 0.4219 | 0.037* | |
| H28B | 0.9016 | 1.2380 | 0.3845 | 0.037* | |
| C29 | 0.99888 (15) | 1.0965 (3) | 0.37809 (17) | 0.0432 (7) | |
| H29A | 1.0085 | 0.9815 | 0.3744 | 0.065* | |
| H29B | 1.0419 | 1.1392 | 0.4262 | 0.065* | |
| H29C | 1.0027 | 1.1523 | 0.3336 | 0.065* |
| Br1 | 0.01994 (11) | 0.0685 (2) | 0.01402 (10) | −0.00743 (10) | 0.00428 (8) | −0.01027 (10) |
| Br2 | 0.01891 (11) | 0.03218 (14) | 0.03580 (13) | 0.00589 (9) | 0.01672 (9) | 0.00288 (10) |
| S1 | 0.0194 (2) | 0.0091 (2) | 0.0160 (2) | −0.00223 (18) | 0.00270 (18) | 0.00152 (18) |
| C2 | 0.0100 (8) | 0.0176 (10) | 0.0185 (9) | 0.0012 (7) | 0.0047 (7) | 0.0051 (8) |
| N3 | 0.0163 (8) | 0.0157 (8) | 0.0126 (7) | 0.0013 (6) | 0.0059 (6) | 0.0032 (6) |
| C4 | 0.0135 (8) | 0.0123 (9) | 0.0132 (8) | 0.0003 (7) | 0.0064 (7) | 0.0008 (7) |
| S5 | 0.0323 (3) | 0.0126 (2) | 0.0124 (2) | −0.0027 (2) | 0.00818 (19) | −0.00275 (18) |
| C6 | 0.0185 (9) | 0.0100 (9) | 0.0158 (8) | −0.0028 (7) | 0.0079 (7) | −0.0002 (7) |
| C7 | 0.0128 (8) | 0.0092 (8) | 0.0132 (8) | −0.0004 (7) | 0.0057 (7) | 0.0013 (7) |
| C8 | 0.0116 (8) | 0.0093 (9) | 0.0109 (8) | −0.0008 (7) | 0.0051 (6) | −0.0008 (7) |
| C9 | 0.0108 (8) | 0.0076 (8) | 0.0153 (8) | −0.0006 (7) | 0.0045 (7) | 0.0007 (7) |
| O10 | 0.0198 (7) | 0.0173 (7) | 0.0241 (7) | −0.0006 (6) | 0.0058 (6) | 0.0102 (6) |
| C11 | 0.0137 (8) | 0.0120 (9) | 0.0165 (9) | −0.0002 (7) | 0.0062 (7) | 0.0002 (7) |
| C12 | 0.0138 (8) | 0.0191 (10) | 0.0140 (8) | −0.0025 (8) | 0.0057 (7) | −0.0006 (8) |
| O13 | 0.0160 (6) | 0.0110 (7) | 0.0258 (7) | −0.0024 (5) | 0.0076 (5) | 0.0003 (6) |
| O14 | 0.0144 (7) | 0.0158 (7) | 0.0340 (8) | −0.0040 (6) | 0.0064 (6) | 0.0028 (6) |
| C15 | 0.0130 (8) | 0.0094 (9) | 0.0164 (8) | −0.0032 (7) | 0.0050 (7) | 0.0008 (7) |
| O16 | 0.0245 (7) | 0.0170 (7) | 0.0161 (6) | 0.0012 (6) | 0.0114 (6) | 0.0035 (5) |
| O17 | 0.0189 (6) | 0.0149 (7) | 0.0186 (7) | 0.0055 (5) | 0.0087 (5) | 0.0077 (5) |
| C18 | 0.0277 (11) | 0.0191 (11) | 0.0273 (11) | 0.0066 (9) | 0.0112 (9) | 0.0122 (9) |
| C19 | 0.0368 (13) | 0.0460 (16) | 0.0305 (13) | 0.0038 (11) | 0.0001 (11) | 0.0122 (11) |
| C20 | 0.0132 (8) | 0.0084 (8) | 0.0120 (8) | −0.0019 (7) | 0.0051 (7) | 0.0016 (7) |
| C21 | 0.0147 (8) | 0.0132 (9) | 0.0139 (8) | −0.0030 (7) | 0.0075 (7) | 0.0007 (7) |
| C22 | 0.0176 (9) | 0.0250 (11) | 0.0104 (8) | −0.0043 (8) | 0.0024 (7) | −0.0002 (8) |
| C23 | 0.0123 (9) | 0.0271 (11) | 0.0183 (9) | −0.0019 (8) | 0.0028 (7) | 0.0053 (8) |
| C24 | 0.0141 (8) | 0.0182 (10) | 0.0227 (9) | 0.0013 (8) | 0.0106 (7) | 0.0036 (8) |
| C25 | 0.0158 (9) | 0.0120 (9) | 0.0160 (8) | −0.0018 (7) | 0.0072 (7) | 0.0000 (7) |
| O26 | 0.0204 (7) | 0.0289 (8) | 0.0149 (7) | −0.0018 (6) | 0.0091 (6) | −0.0064 (6) |
| O27 | 0.0262 (8) | 0.0515 (11) | 0.0188 (7) | −0.0123 (8) | 0.0079 (6) | 0.0049 (7) |
| C28 | 0.0312 (12) | 0.0357 (14) | 0.0252 (11) | −0.0081 (10) | 0.0111 (9) | −0.0066 (10) |
| C29 | 0.0270 (12) | 0.0459 (16) | 0.0511 (16) | −0.0037 (11) | 0.0094 (11) | 0.0067 (13) |
| Br1—C22 | 1.8980 (18) | C15—O17 | 1.329 (2) |
| Br2—C24 | 1.9061 (19) | O17—C18 | 1.473 (2) |
| S1—C9 | 1.7510 (18) | C18—C19 | 1.507 (3) |
| S1—C2 | 1.773 (2) | C18—H18A | 0.9700 |
| C2—O10 | 1.229 (2) | C18—H18B | 0.9700 |
| C2—N3 | 1.356 (3) | C19—H19A | 0.9600 |
| N3—C4 | 1.398 (2) | C19—H19B | 0.9600 |
| N3—H3 | 0.88 (2) | C19—H19C | 0.9600 |
| C4—C9 | 1.342 (2) | C20—C25 | 1.394 (3) |
| C4—S5 | 1.7515 (19) | C20—C21 | 1.398 (2) |
| S5—C6 | 1.8212 (19) | C21—O26 | 1.361 (2) |
| C6—C7 | 1.541 (3) | C21—C22 | 1.396 (2) |
| C6—H6A | 0.9700 | C22—C23 | 1.383 (3) |
| C6—H6B | 0.9700 | C23—C24 | 1.380 (3) |
| C7—C15 | 1.536 (2) | C23—H23 | 0.9300 |
| C7—C11 | 1.548 (2) | C24—C25 | 1.386 (2) |
| C7—C8 | 1.561 (2) | C25—H25 | 0.9300 |
| C8—C9 | 1.496 (2) | O26—H26 | 0.98 (3) |
| C8—C20 | 1.537 (2) | O27—C28 | 1.427 (3) |
| C8—H8 | 0.9800 | O27—H27 | 0.87 (3) |
| C11—C12 | 1.503 (3) | C28—C29 | 1.499 (3) |
| C11—H11A | 0.9700 | C28—H28A | 0.9700 |
| C11—H11B | 0.9700 | C28—H28B | 0.9700 |
| C12—O13 | 1.217 (2) | C29—H29A | 0.9600 |
| C12—O14 | 1.325 (2) | C29—H29B | 0.9600 |
| O14—H14 | 0.85 (3) | C29—H29C | 0.9600 |
| C15—O16 | 1.208 (2) | ||
| C9—S1—C2 | 91.59 (9) | C15—O17—C18 | 116.76 (15) |
| O10—C2—N3 | 126.65 (18) | O17—C18—C19 | 111.79 (18) |
| O10—C2—S1 | 124.54 (16) | O17—C18—H18A | 109.3 |
| N3—C2—S1 | 108.81 (14) | C19—C18—H18A | 109.3 |
| C2—N3—C4 | 114.77 (16) | O17—C18—H18B | 109.3 |
| C2—N3—H3 | 122.1 (14) | C19—C18—H18B | 109.3 |
| C4—N3—H3 | 122.6 (14) | H18A—C18—H18B | 107.9 |
| C9—C4—N3 | 114.66 (17) | C18—C19—H19A | 109.5 |
| C9—C4—S5 | 126.90 (15) | C18—C19—H19B | 109.5 |
| N3—C4—S5 | 118.44 (13) | H19A—C19—H19B | 109.5 |
| C4—S5—C6 | 97.51 (8) | C18—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
| C7—C6—S5 | 114.75 (12) | H19A—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
| C7—C6—H6A | 108.6 | H19B—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
| S5—C6—H6A | 108.6 | C25—C20—C21 | 119.64 (15) |
| C7—C6—H6B | 108.6 | C25—C20—C8 | 121.24 (15) |
| S5—C6—H6B | 108.6 | C21—C20—C8 | 119.12 (15) |
| H6A—C6—H6B | 107.6 | O26—C21—C22 | 124.10 (16) |
| C15—C7—C6 | 111.71 (14) | O26—C21—C20 | 117.57 (15) |
| C15—C7—C11 | 106.57 (14) | C22—C21—C20 | 118.33 (16) |
| C6—C7—C11 | 111.24 (14) | C23—C22—C21 | 122.58 (17) |
| C15—C7—C8 | 106.69 (13) | C23—C22—Br1 | 118.67 (13) |
| C6—C7—C8 | 112.13 (14) | C21—C22—Br1 | 118.74 (14) |
| C11—C7—C8 | 108.21 (14) | C24—C23—C22 | 117.86 (16) |
| C9—C8—C20 | 111.07 (14) | C24—C23—H23 | 121.1 |
| C9—C8—C7 | 110.11 (14) | C22—C23—H23 | 121.1 |
| C20—C8—C7 | 114.34 (13) | C23—C24—C25 | 121.48 (18) |
| C9—C8—H8 | 107.0 | C23—C24—Br2 | 119.28 (14) |
| C20—C8—H8 | 107.0 | C25—C24—Br2 | 119.23 (15) |
| C7—C8—H8 | 107.0 | C24—C25—C20 | 120.06 (17) |
| C4—C9—C8 | 129.31 (16) | C24—C25—H25 | 120.0 |
| C4—C9—S1 | 110.15 (14) | C20—C25—H25 | 120.0 |
| C8—C9—S1 | 120.54 (13) | C21—O26—H26 | 112.4 (16) |
| C12—C11—C7 | 112.39 (15) | C28—O27—H27 | 105.8 (17) |
| C12—C11—H11A | 109.1 | O27—C28—C29 | 108.9 (2) |
| C7—C11—H11A | 109.1 | O27—C28—H28A | 109.9 |
| C12—C11—H11B | 109.1 | C29—C28—H28A | 109.9 |
| C7—C11—H11B | 109.1 | O27—C28—H28B | 109.9 |
| H11A—C11—H11B | 107.9 | C29—C28—H28B | 109.9 |
| O13—C12—O14 | 123.74 (17) | H28A—C28—H28B | 108.3 |
| O13—C12—C11 | 122.87 (16) | C28—C29—H29A | 109.5 |
| O14—C12—C11 | 113.39 (16) | C28—C29—H29B | 109.5 |
| C12—O14—H14 | 112.1 (17) | H29A—C29—H29B | 109.5 |
| O16—C15—O17 | 125.14 (17) | C28—C29—H29C | 109.5 |
| O16—C15—C7 | 122.17 (16) | H29A—C29—H29C | 109.5 |
| O17—C15—C7 | 112.67 (15) | H29B—C29—H29C | 109.5 |
| C9—S1—C2—O10 | 178.68 (17) | C7—C11—C12—O13 | 2.3 (3) |
| C9—S1—C2—N3 | −0.71 (14) | C7—C11—C12—O14 | −178.81 (15) |
| O10—C2—N3—C4 | −179.39 (17) | C6—C7—C15—O16 | −160.59 (16) |
| S1—C2—N3—C4 | −0.01 (19) | C11—C7—C15—O16 | −38.9 (2) |
| C2—N3—C4—C9 | 1.0 (2) | C8—C7—C15—O16 | 76.5 (2) |
| C2—N3—C4—S5 | −179.55 (13) | C6—C7—C15—O17 | 20.9 (2) |
| C9—C4—S5—C6 | −10.25 (18) | C11—C7—C15—O17 | 142.56 (15) |
| N3—C4—S5—C6 | 170.43 (14) | C8—C7—C15—O17 | −102.00 (16) |
| C4—S5—C6—C7 | 41.76 (14) | O16—C15—O17—C18 | 2.8 (3) |
| S5—C6—C7—C15 | 174.57 (12) | C7—C15—O17—C18 | −178.74 (15) |
| S5—C6—C7—C11 | 55.62 (17) | C15—O17—C18—C19 | −81.1 (2) |
| S5—C6—C7—C8 | −65.71 (16) | C9—C8—C20—C25 | −52.6 (2) |
| C15—C7—C8—C9 | 171.17 (14) | C7—C8—C20—C25 | 72.8 (2) |
| C6—C7—C8—C9 | 48.57 (19) | C9—C8—C20—C21 | 126.18 (18) |
| C11—C7—C8—C9 | −74.49 (18) | C7—C8—C20—C21 | −108.48 (18) |
| C15—C7—C8—C20 | 45.32 (19) | C25—C20—C21—O26 | 178.33 (16) |
| C6—C7—C8—C20 | −77.29 (18) | C8—C20—C21—O26 | −0.5 (2) |
| C11—C7—C8—C20 | 159.65 (15) | C25—C20—C21—C22 | −0.7 (3) |
| N3—C4—C9—C8 | 178.26 (16) | C8—C20—C21—C22 | −179.45 (16) |
| S5—C4—C9—C8 | −1.1 (3) | O26—C21—C22—C23 | 179.74 (18) |
| N3—C4—C9—S1 | −1.5 (2) | C20—C21—C22—C23 | −1.3 (3) |
| S5—C4—C9—S1 | 179.11 (11) | O26—C21—C22—Br1 | −1.4 (3) |
| C20—C8—C9—C4 | 111.4 (2) | C20—C21—C22—Br1 | 177.50 (14) |
| C7—C8—C9—C4 | −16.3 (3) | C21—C22—C23—C24 | 1.7 (3) |
| C20—C8—C9—S1 | −68.83 (18) | Br1—C22—C23—C24 | −177.11 (15) |
| C7—C8—C9—S1 | 163.48 (12) | C22—C23—C24—C25 | −0.1 (3) |
| C2—S1—C9—C4 | 1.28 (14) | C22—C23—C24—Br2 | 179.24 (15) |
| C2—S1—C9—C8 | −178.54 (14) | C23—C24—C25—C20 | −1.8 (3) |
| C15—C7—C11—C12 | −54.49 (19) | Br2—C24—C25—C20 | 178.81 (14) |
| C6—C7—C11—C12 | 67.49 (19) | C21—C20—C25—C24 | 2.2 (3) |
| C8—C7—C11—C12 | −168.91 (14) | C8—C20—C25—C24 | −179.02 (16) |
| H··· | ||||
| O26—H26···Br1 | 0.98 (3) | 2.55 (3) | 3.1181 (15) | 117 (2) |
| C6—H6 | 0.97 | 2.44 | 3.033 (2) | 119 |
| N3—H3···O27i | 0.89 (2) | 1.83 (2) | 2.713 (2) | 171 (3) |
| O14—H14···O13ii | 0.85 (3) | 1.80 (3) | 2.645 (2) | 171 (3) |
| O26—H26···O16iii | 0.98 (3) | 1.96 (3) | 2.7800 (19) | 139 (2) |
| O27—H27···O10 | 0.87 (3) | 1.86 (3) | 2.724 (2) | 174 (2) |
| C6—H6 | 0.97 | 2.75 | 3.5659 (17) | 142 |
| C23—H23···O10v | 0.93 | 2.36 | 3.253 (2) | 161 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
|
|
| H⋯ |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| O26—H26⋯Br1 | 0.98 (3) | 2.55 (3) | 3.1181 (15) | 117 (2) |
| C6—H6 | 0.97 | 2.44 | 3.033 (2) | 119 |
| N3—H3⋯O27i | 0.89 (2) | 1.83 (2) | 2.713 (2) | 171 (3) |
| O14—H14⋯O13ii | 0.85 (3) | 1.80 (3) | 2.645 (2) | 171 (3) |
| O26—H26⋯O16iii | 0.98 (3) | 1.96 (3) | 2.7800 (19) | 139 (2) |
| O27—H27⋯O10 | 0.87 (3) | 1.86 (3) | 2.724 (2) | 174 (2) |
| C6—H6 | 0.97 | 2.75 | 3.5659 (17) | 142 |
| C23—H23⋯O10v | 0.93 | 2.36 | 3.253 (2) | 161 |
Symmetry codes: (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ; (iv) ; (v) .