MIF, MIF alleles, and prospects for therapeutic intervention in autoimmunity.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an innate cytokine whose main actions include counter-regulating the immunosuppressive action of glucocorticoids and inhibiting activation-induced apoptosis. MIF is encoded in a functionally polymorphic locus and human genetic studies have shown significant relationships between high-expression MIF alleles, host inflammatory responses, and improved clinical outcome from infections. A recently completed candidate gene association study in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) indicates that individuals with a high-expression MIF allele have reduced incidence of SLE. Among patients with established disease however, those with end-organ complications have increased frequency of high-expression MIF alleles. Plasma MIF levels and Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulated MIF production also reflect the underlying MIF genotype. These data suggest that MIF exerts a dual influence on the immunopathogenesis of SLE: high-expression MIF alleles are associated with a reduced susceptibility to SLE, perhaps by enhancing clearance of autoimmunogenic pathogens; once SLE develops however, low-expression MIF alleles protect from ensuing inflammatory end-organ damage. These data thus provide an example of the potential evolutionary advantage of maintaining an autoimmunity susceptibility gene in the population in that high-expression MIF alleles may allow for a maximal anti-infective response despite risk of autoimmunity. These results also support the clinical feasibility of pharmacologic MIF antagonism as such therapies may be most effectively applied in those individuals who, on the basis of their genotype, manifest a MIF dependent form of autoimmunity.