Cutaneous penetration of the topically applied photosensitizer Pc 4 as detected by intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy.

The fundamental mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell death has been characterized, but early critical PDT events in vivo remain incompletely defined. With the recent development in advanced fluorescence imaging modalities, such as intravital 2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2P-LSM), researchers are now able to investigate and visualize biological processes with high resolution in real time. This powerful imaging technology allows deep tissue visualization with single-cell resolution, thus providing dynamic information on the 3-dimensional architectural makeup of the tissue. The main goal of this study was to determine the cutaneous penetration of a topically applied photosensitizer, the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4, into the skin of live animals and to assess the effective absorption of Pc 4 through the skin barrier. Our 2P-LSM images indicate that Pc 4 penetrates to the epidermal/dermal junction of mouse skin. The data also indicate that the degree of Pc 4 absorption is dose dependent. These findings represent initial steps that may help in improving the clinical utilization of topical Pc 4-PDT. Published by Elsevier B.V.