Transforming growth factor-β and abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are common problems in aged people which can be associated with severe complications including aortic rupture and death. Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been implicated as causative in the development of thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). In contrast, current evidence suggests TGFβ inhibits AAA development. Polymorphisms in the TGFβ signaling components are associated with AAA in some human population studies. In experimental animals TGFβ protects against AAA formation, progression and rupture. In animal models of AAA TGFβ decreases aortic inflammatory cell infiltration, extracellular matrix degradation, and vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, all factors implicated in AAA pathogenesis. The TGFβ signaling pathway may provide a therapeutic target for AAA although better clarity is needed regarding the distinct roles of TGFβ in TAA and AAA.