JAK2 V617F mutation negative erythrocytosis (or how to more simply perform diagnosis and treat a patient with increased hematocrit).

SUMMARY: This case report focuses on a 71-year old patient affected by unknown dyspnea and erythrocytosis referred by his general practitioner to our center for specialist advice after a hematological examination had excluded polycythemia vera on grounds of negative test for JAK2 V617F/exon 12 mutation. An accurate clinical history and physical examination accompanied by respiratory function tests resulted in diagnosis of JAK2 V617F mutation negative erythrocytosis, and treatment could be started. The discussion examines decisional algorithms when a polyglobulic patient is referred for diagnosis.

Clinical case

A 71-year old patient, male, former shepherd and farmer with seasonal periods spent at high altitude (3000 m), ex-smoker (60 pack/years), was referred by his general practitioner to our center for specialist consultation after being referred for a hematological visit because of erythrocytosis. The hematological examination excluded the diagnosis of polycythemia vera after a negative test for JAK2 V617F/12 exon mutation.

Medical history

A liver hydatic cyst was removed in 1984. Hypertension was treated from 1998. Cerebrovascular disease with two strokes and consequent left partial hemiparesis occurred in 2006 and 2008. The patient was treated with beta blocker (atenolol 100 mg), angiotensin receptor blocker and thiazide diuretic (irbesartan 300 mg, hydroclo thiazide 12.5 mg); dyslipidemia was treated with hypolipidemic drugs (atorvastatin 20 mg); he was on therapy with anticoagulants (warfarin 5 mg) according to the international normalized ratio (INR). A test for the JAK2 V617F/12 exon mutation was performed, with negative result, after an incidental finding of erythrocytosis (Hb 19.8 mg/dL, hematocrit 58.8%, RBC 6.9 × 106) after the patient had been living at high altitude (about 3000 meters). Chest x-ray and chest CT scan documented subsegmental dysventilation areas in the posterior part of the lower left lobe with no expansive lesions or lymphoadenopathies with lifting of left hemi diaphragm (signalled in previous chest x-ray in 2008). Snoring without referred sleep apnea was reported. Abdominal ultrasonography showed enlarged liver with colelithiasis.

Physical examination

height 1.62 m, weight 76 Kg, body mass index 28.9 kg/m2. Pulsoximetry 91% (ambient air). Pulse rate: 62 rhythmic; blood pressure: 140/95 mm Hg; thoracic examination: symmetrical hemithorax, slightly sour vesicular murmur spread over all lung fields, reduced at the left base. Reduced motility of left hemidiaphragm. Cardiac examination: valid rhythmic heart sounds, apparently free of pauses. Abdominal examination: tractable abdomen, painless, hypochondriac organs within the limits. No lower limb edema. Neurological examination: outcomes of left hemiparesis.

At this time (Figure 1) a complete respiratory function study, blood gas analysis and nocturnal (8 channels) cardiopulmonary monitoring were scheduled.

Figure 1

Algorithm for suspected erythrocytosis when leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, or splenomegaly is not present.

(Figure 2) revealed: "mild restrictive alteration without bronchial obstruction.

Figure 2

Spirometry and plethysmographic lung volumes in the studied patient. Definition of abbreviations: Chg, change; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; FEF, forced expiratory flow; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FET, forced expiratory time; FIF, forced inspiratory flow; FRC PL, functional residual capacity measured with plethysmograph; FVC, forced vital capacity; IC, inspiratory capacity; Meas, measured; PEF, peak expiratory flow; PEFT, peak expiratory flow time; Ref, reference value; RV, residual volume; TLC, total lung capacity; VC, vital capacity.

Mild alteration of lung diffusion test for carbon monoxide (DLCO) after correction for reduced lung volumes. Regular ventilatory pattern. Normal occlusion pressure (P100). Reduced maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP and MEP)".

showed PaO2 52.7 mm Hg; PaCO2 45.9 mm Hg; pH 7.40; oxhyhemoglobin saturation 85.9%; carboxyhemoglobin 2.1%; methemoglobin 1%; P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen) 24.9 mm Hg.

(Figure 3) showed low apnea-hypopnea index (AHI: 3.9 events/hour) with low mean nocturnal hemoglobin saturation (86%) and 65% of the night spent with values below 90%.

Figure 3

Respiratory events polysomnographic analysis and oxyhemoglobin values during the nocturnal recording.

A (Figure 4) showed 275 meters walking distance with slight desaturation below 90% at the beginning of the test.

Figure 4

6-minute walking test data. Definition of abbreviations: Bpm, beats per minute; BP, arterial blood pressure; HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; SpO2, oxyhemoglobin saturation.

Diagnosis

Dyspnea and erythrocytosis secondary to hypoxemia in restrictive lung disease.

Treatment

The patient started oxygen therapy 1.5 L/min by nasal cannula in the night. Blood gas analysis showed no increased levels of carbon dioxide during oxygen therapy and a nocturnal cardiopulmonary monitoring showed reduction of time spent with SpO2 < 90% from 69% to 13%. Oxygen was then increased to 2 L/min. After 2 months hematocrit was reduced to 51% and hemoglobin was reduced to 17 g/dL.

Discussion

Traditionally, polycythemia has been used to identify a group of several disorders with an increase in circulating red cells and persistently raised hematocrit (Hct) [1]. Since only the red cell lineage is involved, in this article we have chosen to use throughout the term erythrocytosis. Polycythemia is intended in relation to the clonal disorder, polycythemia vera (PV), in which three cell lineages are involved. In practice it is useful to classify erythrocytosis as being congenital or acquired [2,3] (Table 1).

Table 1

Classification of erythrocytosis

1. Congenital erythrocytosis

a. Associated with reduced P50 (partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen)

i. High-oxygen-affinity hemoglobinopathy

ii. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

iii. Methemoglobinemia

b. Associated with normal P50

i. VHL gene mutations including Chuvash

ii. Erythropoietin receptor mutations

2. Acquired erythrocytosis

a. Clonal (polycythemia vera)

b. Secondary

i. Hypoxia driven

1. Chronic lung disease

2. Right-to-left cardiopulmonary shunts

3. High-altitude habitat

4. Tobacco use/carbon monoxide poisoning

5. Sleep apnea/hypoventilation syndrome

6. Renal artery stenosis

ii. Hypoxia independent

1. Use of androgen preparations/erythropoietin injection

2. Post-renal transplant

3. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma/meningioma

4. Pheochromocytoma/uterine leiomyoma/renal cysts/parathyroid adenoma

5. Hepatocellular carcinoma/renal cell carcinoma

From [3] mod.

Erythrocytosis is usually defined as an increase greater than 2-3 standard deviations from the age, sex and race-adjusted predicted values in hematocrit or hemoglobin level. Patients with a persistently raised venous hematocrit (Hct) (> 0.52 males, > 0.48 females for > 2 months) should, in general, be investigated by means of a complete evaluation of all cell lines and blood plasma volume and an accurate anamnestic investigation is essential to identify possible causes of differential diagnosis (current or past cigarette smoking, living at high altitude, congenital heart disease, chronic respiratory disease, sleep apnea, kidney disease, peptic disease) [2,4,5].

If there are clinical and medical history data that suggest an acquired erythrocytosis secondary to respiratory disturbance, World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria [5] recommend to proceed with several laboratory and instrumental investigations, starting from hemoglobin saturation evaluation and continuing if hemoglobin saturation is normal with exclusion of mutation of JAK2 V617F/exon 12. If negative, measurement of the serum levels of erythropoietin is proposed to rule out cases in which renal disease or cancer are present. If the erythropoietin results normal or decreased, the diagnosis is directed towards polycythemia vera.

Today we know that 95% of patients with polycythemia vera carry the mutation of JAK2 V617F/exon 12. Hence, evaluation of the mutation has become one of the key steps in the diagnosis of this disease, but it is not useful for distinguishing one myeloproliferative disease from another, since it has been found in patients with essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis and other myeloid malignancies, and, in some cases, is associated with abnormal levels of erythropoietin [4,5]. Bone marrow biopsy is therefore important, as it is the only analysis that defines the predominant type of cell proliferation in order to assess the presence of marrow fibrosis (Figure 1) [6].

It should also be borne in mind that "false positives" are not uncommon; in fact the new standard criteria of WHO in 2008 have included minor diagnostic criteria to enhance the molecular diagnosis of polycythemia vera [7].

Currently, analysis of JAK2 V617F/exon 12 mutation is not so expensive (200 euros in our hospital) but in many centers the determination is not poss ible or requires longer time. Application of a correct algorithm can simplify in many cases the diagnosis when a secondary cause of erythrocytosis is present, allowing a faster and appropriate treatment.

If the erythrocytosis - as in the present case - is secondary to respiratory disease, pulmonary function tests, blood gas analysis and nocturnal saturation or sleep study (if the patient is obese or excessive daytime sleepiness is present) are indicated [8]. In this case treatment consists in oxygen therapy or continuous positive airway pressure treatment if sleep disturbance is present [3,9,10].

Conclusions

In our case, an accurate anamnestic and careful objective examination (erythrocytosis, low hemoglobin saturation, hypoxemia and hypomobility of the left hemidiaphragm) could have led immediately to a clinical diagnosis of secondary erythrocytosis and would have avoided the implementation of further tests such as analysis of JAK2 V617F/exon 2 mutation with delay in the diagnosis and treatment.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare in relation to the subject matter of this manuscript.