Ying-Ni Lin1, Qing-Yun Li, Xiu-Juan Zhang. 1. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the current evidence that links smoking to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to discuss some potential mechanisms proposed for these links. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed and Medline to identify studies investigating the interaction between smoking and OSA. STUDY SELECTION: Articles regarding the relationship between smoking and OSA were selected. Studies considered smoking as a confounding factor were excluded. RESULTS: The association of smoking and OSA has been confirmed in several studies. The effects of smoking on the pathophysiology of OSA may include smoking-induced upper airway inflammation, stimulant effects of nicotine on upper airway muscles, and a "rebound effect" due to nightly short-term nicotine withdrawal, or all of the above. In addition, the coexistence of OSA and smoking may have more widespread implications for cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with OSA. Finally, OSA might be responsible for the addiction to nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking may act as a risk factor for OSA and join with OSA in a common pathway to increase the risk of systematic injury. OSA, in turn, may be a predisposing factor for smoking. Thus, smoking cessation is recommended when considering treatment for OSA, and treating OSA may be a necessary precondition for successful smoking cessation.
OBJECTIVE: To review the current evidence that links smoking to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to discuss some potential mechanisms proposed for these links. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed and Medline to identify studies investigating the interaction between smoking and OSA. STUDY SELECTION: Articles regarding the relationship between smoking and OSA were selected. Studies considered smoking as a confounding factor were excluded. RESULTS: The association of smoking and OSA has been confirmed in several studies. The effects of smoking on the pathophysiology of OSA may include smoking-induced upper airway inflammation, stimulant effects of nicotine on upper airway muscles, and a "rebound effect" due to nightly short-term nicotine withdrawal, or all of the above. In addition, the coexistence of OSA and smoking may have more widespread implications for cardiovascular dysfunction in patients with OSA. Finally, OSA might be responsible for the addiction to nicotine. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking may act as a risk factor for OSA and join with OSA in a common pathway to increase the risk of systematic injury. OSA, in turn, may be a predisposing factor for smoking. Thus, smoking cessation is recommended when considering treatment for OSA, and treating OSA may be a necessary precondition for successful smoking cessation.
Authors: Jessica W Hui; Jason Ong; James J Herdegen; Hajwa Kim; Christopher D Codispoti; Vahid Kalantari; Mary C Tobin; Robert P Schleimer; Pete S Batra; Phillip S LoSavio; Mahboobeh Mahdavinia Journal: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol Date: 2017-04-27 Impact factor: 6.347
Authors: Surendra K Sharma; Vishwa Mohan Katoch; Alladi Mohan; T Kadhiravan; A Elavarasi; R Ragesh; Neeraj Nischal; Prayas Sethi; D Behera; Manvir Bhatia; A G Ghoshal; Dipti Gothi; Jyotsna Joshi; M S Kanwar; O P Kharbanda; Suresh Kumar; P R Mohapatra; B N Mallick; Ravindra Mehta; Rajendra Prasad; S C Sharma; Kapil Sikka; Sandeep Aggarwal; Garima Shukla; J C Suri; B Vengamma; Ashoo Grover; V K Vijayan; N Ramakrishnan; Rasik Gupta Journal: Lung India Date: 2015 Jul-Aug
Authors: Surendra K Sharma; Vishwa Mohan Katoch; Alladi Mohan; T Kadhiravan; A Elavarasi; R Ragesh; Neeraj Nischal; Prayas Sethi; D Behera; Manvir Bhatia; A G Ghoshal; Dipti Gothi; Jyotsna Joshi; M S Kanwar; O P Kharbanda; Suresh Kumar; P R Mohapatra; B N Mallick; Ravindra Mehta; Rajendra Prasad; S C Sharma; Kapil Sikka; Sandeep Aggarwal; Garima Shukla; J C Suri; B Vengamma; Ashoo Grover; V K Vijayan; N Ramakrishnan; Rasik Gupta Journal: Indian J Med Res Date: 2014-09 Impact factor: 2.375
Authors: Ina van der Spuy; Chandima P Karunanayake; James A Dosman; Kathleen McMullin; Gaungming Zhao; Sylvia Abonyi; Donna C Rennie; Joshua Lawson; Shelley Kirychuk; Judith MacDonald; Laurie Jimmy; Niels Koehncke; Vivian R Ramsden; Mark Fenton; Gregory P Marchildon; Malcolm King; Punam Pahwa Journal: BMC Pulm Med Date: 2017-12-12 Impact factor: 3.317
Authors: Fernando De Torres-Alba; Daniele Gemma; Eduardo Armada-Romero; Juan Ramón Rey-Blas; Esteban López-de-Sá; José Luis López-Sendon Journal: Pulm Med Date: 2013-04-15