OBJECTIVE: To describe how retinal venular diameter changes over time for an individual and to examine differences in these changes among people with different risk profiles. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4600 persons aged 43 to 86 years from the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) who participated in at least 1 examination and had venular diameter measured in the right eye. METHODS: Data from 4 examinations during a 15-year period were analyzed. Retinal venular diameter was measured from photographs at each examination by computer-assisted methods and summarized as the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE). Associations of risk factors with concurrent CRVE measurements and changes in CRVE over time were determined using multivariate analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Central retinal venular equivalent. RESULTS: The CRVE tended to narrow with age. Mean CRVE was approximately 5 μm smaller (225 vs. 230 μm) for the average 70-year-old compared with the average 50-year-old, and was approximately 13 μm smaller (217 vs. 230 μm) for the average 85-year-old compared with the average 50-year-old. Male sex (beta estimate [β] = 5.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.58-6.90), history of current cigarette smoking (β = 9.38; 95% CI, 8.26-10.49), and higher white blood cell (WBC) count (per 1000/μL: β = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.16) were independently associated with larger concurrent CRVE, whereas higher mean arterial blood pressure (per 5 mmHg: β = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.23) and higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl: β = 0.89; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.63) were independently associated with smaller concurrent CRVE. History of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.06) and presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (β = -0.20; 95% CI, -0.34 to -0.05) were associated with a greater decrease in CRVE over time. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that retinal venular diameter tends to narrow with age; concurrent venular diameter is independently associated with sex, blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, WBC count, and history of current cigarette smoking; and change in CRVE is independently associated with a history of CVD and presence of CKD. The different independent effects of these interrelated factors on CRVE highlight the complex relationship between CRVE and systemic diseases and conditions and the difficulty in determining specific causes of change in CRVE over time. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
OBJECTIVE: To describe how retinal venular diameter changes over time for an individual and to examine differences in these changes among people with different risk profiles. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4600 persons aged 43 to 86 years from the Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) who participated in at least 1 examination and had venular diameter measured in the right eye. METHODS: Data from 4 examinations during a 15-year period were analyzed. Retinal venular diameter was measured from photographs at each examination by computer-assisted methods and summarized as the central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE). Associations of risk factors with concurrent CRVE measurements and changes in CRVE over time were determined using multivariate analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Central retinal venular equivalent. RESULTS: The CRVE tended to narrow with age. Mean CRVE was approximately 5 μm smaller (225 vs. 230 μm) for the average 70-year-old compared with the average 50-year-old, and was approximately 13 μm smaller (217 vs. 230 μm) for the average 85-year-old compared with the average 50-year-old. Male sex (beta estimate [β] = 5.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.58-6.90), history of current cigarette smoking (β = 9.38; 95% CI, 8.26-10.49), and higher white blood cell (WBC) count (per 1000/μL: β = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74-1.16) were independently associated with larger concurrent CRVE, whereas higher mean arterial blood pressure (per 5 mmHg: β = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.23) and higher serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl: β = 0.89; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.63) were independently associated with smaller concurrent CRVE. History of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.06) and presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (β = -0.20; 95% CI, -0.34 to -0.05) were associated with a greater decrease in CRVE over time. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that retinal venular diameter tends to narrow with age; concurrent venular diameter is independently associated with sex, blood pressure, serum HDL cholesterol, WBC count, and history of current cigarette smoking; and change in CRVE is independently associated with a history of CVD and presence of CKD. The different independent effects of these interrelated factors on CRVE highlight the complex relationship between CRVE and systemic diseases and conditions and the difficulty in determining specific causes of change in CRVE over time. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Authors: Michael D Knudtson; Kristine E Lee; Larry D Hubbard; Tien Yin Wong; Ronald Klein; Barbara E K Klein Journal: Curr Eye Res Date: 2003-09 Impact factor: 2.424
Authors: M D Knudtson; B E K Klein; R Klein; T Y Wong; L D Hubbard; K E Lee; S M Meuer; C P Bulla Journal: Br J Ophthalmol Date: 2004-01 Impact factor: 4.638
Authors: L D Hubbard; R J Brothers; W N King; L X Clegg; R Klein; L S Cooper; A R Sharrett; M D Davis; J Cai Journal: Ophthalmology Date: 1999-12 Impact factor: 12.079
Authors: Tien Yin Wong; Bruce B Duncan; Sherita Hill Golden; Ronald Klein; David J Couper; Barbara E K Klein; Larry D Hubbard; A Richey Sharrett; Maria I Schmidt Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2004-09 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: M Kamran Ikram; Frank Jan de Jong; Johannes R Vingerling; Jacqueline C M Witteman; Albert Hofman; Monique M B Breteler; Paulus T V M de Jong Journal: Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Date: 2004-07 Impact factor: 4.799
Authors: Rupal Mehta; Alexander Hodakowski; Xuan Cai; Kris E Lee; Bryan R Kestenbaum; Ian H de Boer; Amani Fawzi; Tien Yin Wong; Joachim Ix; Barbara Klein; Ronald Klein; Tamara Isakova Journal: Ophthalmic Epidemiol Date: 2017-04-12 Impact factor: 1.648
Authors: Fang-Fei Wei; Zhen-Yu Zhang; Thibault Petit; Nicholas Cauwenberghs; Yu-Mei Gu; Lutgarde Thijs; Anke Raaijmakers; Lotte Jacobs; Wen-Yi Yang; Karel Allegaert; Tatiana Kuznetsova; Peter Verhamme; Harry A J Struijker-Boudier; Yan Li; Kei Asayama; Jan A Staessen Journal: Hypertens Res Date: 2016-07-07 Impact factor: 3.872
Authors: Mengjiao Liu; Kate Lycett; Tien Yin Wong; Jessica A Kerr; Mingguang He; Markus Juonala; Tim Olds; Terry Dwyer; David Burgner; Melissa Wake Journal: Int J Obes (Lond) Date: 2020-05-18 Impact factor: 5.095
Authors: Kerri P Howard; Barbara E K Klein; Jennifer O Dreyer; Lorraine G Danforth; Ronald Klein Journal: JAMA Ophthalmol Date: 2014-01 Impact factor: 7.389
Authors: Juan E Grunwald; Maxwell Pistilli; Gui-Shuang Ying; Ebenezer Daniel; Maureen G Maguire; Dawei Xie; Revell Whittock-Martin; Candace Parker Ostroff; Joan C Lo; Raymond R Townsend; Crystal A Gadegbeku; James P Lash; Jeffrey C Fink; Mahboob Rahman; Harold I Feldman; John W Kusek Journal: Clin J Am Soc Nephrol Date: 2014-05-08 Impact factor: 8.237
Authors: Sara B Seidelmann; Brian Claggett; Paco E Bravo; Ankur Gupta; Hoshang Farhad; Barbara E Klein; Ronald Klein; Marcelo Di Carli; Scott D Solomon Journal: Circulation Date: 2016-09-28 Impact factor: 29.690