Association between genetic variants in the HNF4A gene and childhood-onset Crohn's disease.

Hepatocyte nuclear 4 alpha (HNF4α), involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, has been linked to intestinal inflammation and abnormal mucosal permeability. Moreover, in a genome-wide association study, the HNF4A locus has been associated with ulcerative colitis. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between HNF4α genetic variants and Crohn's disease (CD) in two distinct Canadian pediatric cohorts. The sequencing of the HNF4A gene in 40 French Canadian patients led to the identification of 27 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s with a minor allele frequency >5%. To assess the impact of these SNPs on disease susceptibility, we first conducted a case-control discovery study on 358 subjects with CD and 542 controls. We then carried out a replication study in a separate cohort of 416 cases and 1208 controls. In the discovery cohort, the genotyping of the identified SNPs revealed that six were significantly associated with CD. Among them, rs1884613 was replicated in the second CD cohort (odds ratio (OR): 1.33; P<0.012) and this association remained significant when both cohorts were combined and after correction for multiple testing (OR: 1.39; P<0.004). An 8-marker P2 promoter haplotype containing rs1884613 was also found associated with CD (P<2.09 × 10(-4) for combined cohorts). This is the first report showing that the HNF4A locus may be a common genetic determinant of childhood-onset CD. These findings highlight the importance of the intestinal epithelium and oxidative protection in the pathogenesis of CD.

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to two chronic inflammatory disorders affecting the intestinal mucosa: Crohn’s disease [CD, (MIM 266600)] and ulcerative colitis [UC, (MIM 191390)]. CD is common in developed countries, with a prevalence estimated at 100–300/100,000 (1, 2). The etiology of CD has not yet been elucidated, but is considered to involve a complex interaction between predisposing genes, environmental factors, and impaired immune response to the commensal gut microbiome. The understanding of the genetic contribution to risk of CD has advanced enormously as a result of recent case-control and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (3–6). Indeed, GWAS (7), followed by deep sequencing of GWAS loci (8), have identified 85 distinct loci associated with the disease. However, the genes identified thus far only explain approximately 23% of the genetic contribution to CD (7).

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α, NR2A1), belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily (9). It is expressed in the liver, kidney, pancreatic islets and gut (9–11). HNF4α interacts with regulatory elements in promoters and enhancers of genes involved in cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose metabolism (12). Genes transactivated by HNF4α encode various transcription factors, enzymes and proteins involved in numerous processes, including hematopoiesis, blood coagulation/fibrinolysis, as well as hepatic development and function (13–17). HNF4A is located on locus 20q13.1-13.2. Thirteen exons have been identified, and alternative splicing of these exons result in at least nine isoforms of the protein. The transcription of three of these isoforms is driven by an alternate promoter known as P2, which is located 45.6 kb upstream P1 promoter (18, 19). It has been suggested that P2 promoter drives transcription in pancreatic β cells (18, 19), while the P1 promoter is mainly active in liver cells (18, 20). Both promoters appear to be effective in the intestine (20).

The key hepatic and pancreatic functions of HNF4α are well established. It activates gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes (21), maintains glucose homeostasis by regulating gene expression in pancreatic β cells (12, 22), activates insulin genes through both direct and indirect mechanisms (22, 23) and regulates the expression of many genes such as apolipoproteins (24). Rare loss-of-function mutations in the HNF4A gene cause a monogenic form of type 2 diabetes (T2D), type 1 maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY1) (25). Also, HNF4α has been reported to be associated with the risk of late-onset T2D in several populations (26–28). In the gut, HNF4α plays a role in colonic development (29), lipid transport (30) as well as intestinal epithelial cell differentiation and phenotype expression (31, 32). It has also been associated with susceptibility to abnormal intestinal permeability, inflammation and oxidative stress (33, 34). Of particular relevance, a recent GWAS demonstrated associations between the 20q13.1 locus that harbors the HNF4A gene and risk of developing UC (35). Interestingly, no associations with CD were found. In this study, we have hypothesized that HNF4A gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing CD. We comprehensively examined the association between variants in and around the HNF4A gene and CD in 2 distinct cohorts of Canadian children.

RESULTS

SNP Discovery by Sequencing

To determine the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) content of HNF4α in our population, 30 selected fragments of the HNF4A gene were sequenced in 40 IBD French Canadian patients. As summarized in Table 1, sequencing of the gene led to the identification of 27 SNPs with a minor allele frequency greater than 5%. Among the identified SNPs, one was non-synonymous (rs1800961, T130I) and 26 were located either in intronic or promoter regions. All SNPs had been previously reported in dbSNP (build 131). Most of the variants identified in this study were previously associated with the risk of developing T2D (36) and dyslipidemia (37). The relative positions of SNPs on the HNF4A locus are illustrated in Figure 1.

Table 1

Summary of the Identified SNPs in the Targeted HNF4 Regions

SNP	Change	Position	MAF
rs4810424	G>C	42,408,437 (9,428 bp upstream Exon 1D)	C=0.203
rs1884613	C>G	42,413,829 (4,036 bp upstream Exon 1D)	G=0.186
rs1884614	C>T	42,413,933 (3,982 bp upstream Exon 1D)	T=0.186
rs6031543	C>G	42,413,979 (3,935 bp upstream Exon 1D)	G=0.157
rs2144908	G>A	42,419,131 (Intron 1A-1D)	A=0.157
rs6031550	C>T	42,423,085 (Intron 1A-1D)	T=0.190
rs6031551	T>C	42,423,127 (Intron 1A-1D)	C=0.180
rs16988991	G>A	42,423,191 (Intron 1A-1D)	A=0.203
rs6031552	C>A	42,423,208 (Intron 1A-1D)	A=0.167
rs6103716	A>C	42,433,044 (Intron 1A-1D)	C=0.242
rs6031558	G>C	42,433,057 (Intron 1A-1D)	C=0.300
rs6130608	T>C	42,457,422 (5,933 bp upstream Exon 1A)	C=0.250
rs2425637	G>T	42,457,463 (5,892 bp upstream Exon 1A)	G=0.382
rs2425639	A>G	42,460,924 (2,431 bp upstream Exon 1A)	A=0.400
rs2425640	A>G	42,461,451 (1,904 bp upstream Exon 1A)	A=0.295
rs3212172	A>G	42,461,804 (1,551 bp upstream Exon 1A)	G=0.125
rs1800963	A>C	42,462,699 (656 bp upstream Exon 1A)	C=0.379
rs2071997	G>A	42,463,849 (661 bp upstream Exon 1B)	A=0.125
rs736824	T>C	42,468,074 (Intron 1A/1B-2)	C=0.329
rs745975	C>T	42,468,107 (Intron 1A/1B-2)	T=0.250
rs3212183	C>T	42,468,552 (Intron 2-3)	T=0.487
rs3212184	G>C	42,468,574 (Intron 2-3)	C=0.459
rs1885088	G>A	42,472,454 (Intron 3-4)	A=0.222
rs1800961	C>T (T130I)	42,475,778 (Exon 4)	T=0.107
rs3212195	G>A	42,476,509 (Intron 4-5)	A=0.190
rs3212198	C>T	42,477,775 (Intron 4-5)	C=0.369
rs3818247	G>T	42,490,894 (Intron 9-10)	T=0.283

SNPs revealed by sequencing with a frequency greater than 5% in the inflammatory bowel disease French Canadian sample population (20 Crohn’s disease and 20 ulcerative colitis patients). The SNP positions are based on the March 2006 Homo sapiens high coverage assembly from the Genome Reference Consortium. MAF=minor allele frequency.

Figure 1

Schematic Illustration of the Location of 27 SNPs Identified in the HNF4A Gene

Relative position of 27 SNPs revealed by sequencing within the HNF4A locus. The labeled shaded regions are exons, numbered 1–10. ● Non-synonymous SNP, □ synonymous intronic SNP.

Genotyping for Association with Crohn’s Disease in Discovery Cohort

A total of 356 (271 French Canadian, 57 Jewish and 30 non Caucasian) subjects with CD and 542 controls were included for genotyping. The descriptive and clinical characteristics of participants of the discovery cohort are shown in Table 2. There was a non significant higher proportion of males among the cases (53.35%). The mean age at diagnosis (15.41 ± 7.63 y) was similar to age of controls (13.67 ± 2.72 y). Based on the Montreal Classification (38), most cases (n=224, 62.57%) had ileocolonic location (L3 ± L4) and inflammatory disease (B1 ± p) (n=287, 80.17%). The majority of the population was of Caucasian ancestry (n=271, 75.70%).

Table 2

Characteristics of Controls and Crohn’s Disease Subjects in Discovery, Replication and Combined Cohorts

Characteristics	Discovery Cohort		Replication Cohort		Combined Cohorts
	Controls, % (n = 542)	CD, % (n = 358)	Controls, % (n = 1,208)	CD, % (n = 416)	Controls, % (n = 1,750)	CD, % (n = 774)
Sex
Male	49.45 (268)	53.35 (191)	49.25 (595)	56.49 (235)	49.31 (863)	55.04 (426)
Female	50.55 (274)	46.65 (167)	50.75 (613)	43.51 (181)	50.69 (887)	44.96 (348)
Ethnicity
French Canadian (caucasian)	100.00 (542)	75.70 (271)	100.00 (1,208)	100.00 (416)	100.00 (1,750)	88.76 (687)
Jewish		15.92 (57)				7.36 (57)
Non caucasian		8.38 (30)				3.88 (30)
Age, years
Range	8.60 – 17.20		9.00 – 16.00		8.60 – 17.20
Mean ± SD	13.67 ± 2.72		12.71 ± 2.98		12.83 ± 2.90
Age-at-onset, years
Range		2.11 – 62.67		2.00 – 28.70		2.00 – 62.67
Mean ± SD		15.41 ± 7.63		12.69 ± 3.41		13.94 ± 5.90
Disease Behavior
B1 ± p		80.17 (287)		87.74 (365)		84.24 (652)
B2 ± p		12.29 (44)		6.01 (25)		8.91 (69)
B3 ± p		7.54 (27)		6.25 (26)		6.85 (53)
Disease Location
L1 ± L4		10.61 (38)		21.63 (90)		16.53 (128)
L2 ± L4		25.42 (91)		29.81 (124)		27.77 (215)
L3 ± L4		62.57 (224)		48.08 (200)		54.78 (424)
Only L4		1.40 (5)		0.48 (2)		0.90 (7)

For the discovery cohort, patients were recruited from the inflammatory bowel disease clinics of tertiary pediatric and adult hospitals in Montreal. For the replication cohort, patients were recruited at the pediatric gastroenterology clinics of 3 hospitals across Canada (Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa). Controls were obtained from the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey (QCAHSS). The designation of ethnicity was based on self-report. Disease location and behavior was classified according to World Gastroenterology Organization’s Montreal classification (L1, ileum; L2, colon; L3, ileocolon; L4, upper GI tract; B1, non-stricturing and non-penetrating; B2, structuring; B3, penetrating; p, perianal modifier). CD= Crohn’s disease.

Among the 27 SNPs identified, 3 could not be adequately genotyped due to technical difficulties (rs2425640, rs16988991 and rs3212184). The remaining 24 SNPs were analyzed for association. Table 3 shows the distribution of the frequencies of the corresponding alleles in cases and controls. Six SNPs demonstrated significant associations with CD: rs4810424 (P<0.007), rs1884613 (P<0.004), rs1884614 (P<0.005), rs2144908 (P<0.003), rs3212172 (P<0.044) and rs1800963 (P<0.048). Analysis including only individuals of Caucasian ancestry revealed similar results. However, the associations for 2 SNPs (rs3212172 and rs1800963) were no longer significant probably due to reduced power.

Table 3

Distribution of Allele Frequencies for Controls and Crohn’s Disease Subjects in Discovery Cohort

SNP	Controls MAF	CD MAF	Odds ratio	95% CI	P Value
rs4810424	0.152	0.202	1.407	1.099 – 1.800	0.007*
rs1884613	0.148	0.200	1.432	1.118 – 1.835	0.004*
rs1884614	0.149	0.201	1.429	1.116 – 1.829	0.005*
rs6031543	0.147	0.148	1.000	0.758 – 1.329	0.977
rs2144908	0.148	0.204	1.467	1.143 – 1.882	0.003*
rs6031550	0.229	0.204	0.865	0.690 – 1.084	0.209
rs6031551	0.229	0.208	0.882	0.701 – 1.109	0.282
rs6031552	0.225	0.193	0.823	0.650 – 1.042	0.106
rs6130716	0.336	0.320	0.929	0.756 – 1.140	0.479
rs6031558	0.324	0.303	0.910	0.741 – 1.119	0.371
rs6130608	0.264	0.256	0.961	0.771 – 1.197	0.721
rs2425637	0.464	0.469	1.019	0.843 – 1.232	0.845
rs2425639	0.471	0.461	0.957	0.789 – 1.161	0.659
rs3212172	0.141	0.178	1.300	1.007 – 1.680	0.044*
rs1800963	0.392	0.441	1.218	1.002 – 1.480	0.048*
rs2071197	0.093	0.097	1.042	0.757 – 1.434	0.802
rs736824	0.389	0.395	1.027	0.841 – 1.255	0.791
rs745975	0.231	0.239	1.045	0.829 – 1.317	0.710
rs3212183	0.474	0.461	0.951	0.788 – 1.148	0.600
rs1885088	0.229	0.234	1.025	0.817 – 1.286	0.828
rs1800961	0.026	0.027	1.043	0.573 – 1.898	0.890
rs3212195	0.207	0.237	1.184	0.924 – 1.517	0.181
rs3212198	0.408	0.396	0.950	0.776 – 1.162	0.617
rs3818247	0.349	0.354	1.019	0.834 – 1.245	0.851

Distribution of the genotyped SNPs minor allele frequencies. Allelic association for individual SNPs was carried out using logistic regression by fitting an additive model. CI=confidence interval; MAF=minor allele frequency; CD= Crohn’s disease.

P <0.05

Genotyping for Association with Crohn’s Disease in Replication Cohort

For replication, we selected 10 SNPs significantly associated with CD in the single SNP and haplotype analyses of the discovery study. A total of 416 Caucasian subjects with CD and 1,208 controls were included for genotyping. The descriptive and clinical characteristics of participants of the replication cohort are shown in Table 2. The proportion of males among the cases was higher (56.49%), but the difference was not significant. The mean age at diagnosis (12.69 ± 3.41 y) was similar to that of controls (12.71 ± 2.98 y). A high percentage of cases (n=200, 48.08%) had ileocolonic location (L3 ± L4) and inflammatory disease (B1 ± p) (n=365, 87.75%). All subjects in replication cohort were of Caucasian ancestry. Table 4 shows the distribution of the frequencies of the corresponding alleles in cases and controls. All SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Among the 10 SNPs genotyped for replication, rs1884613 remained significantly associated with CD (OR: 1.327; P<0.012).

Table 4

Distribution of Allele Frequencies for Controls and Crohn’s Disease Subjects in Replication and Combined Cohorts

SNP	Controls MAF	CD MAF	Odds ratio	95% CI	P Value	Adjusted P Value
Replication Cohort
rs4810424	0.156	0.145	0.912	0.719 – 1.156	0.465
rs1884613	0.139	0.175	1.327	1.060 – 1.635	0.012*
rs1884614	0.152	0.175	1.196	0.957 – 1.472	0.121
rs6031543	0.154	0.143	0.918	0.733 – 1.150	0.453
rs2144908	0.147	0.156	1.071	0.854 – 1.344	0.551
rs6031550	0.236	0.213	0.880	0.725 – 1.067	0.191
rs6031551	0.236	0.222	0.922	0.759 – 1.121	0.409
rs6031552	0.237	0.214	0.881	0.728 – 1.067	0.188
rs3212172	0.153	0.142	0.909	0.721 – 1.146	0.425
rs1800963	0.410	0.399	0.956	0.809 – 1.129	0.596
Combined Cohorts
rs4810424	0.154	0.172	1.144	0.968 – 1.351	0.114	1.000
rs1884613	0.142	0.187	1.389	1.183 – 1.631	0.0001*	0.004**
rs1884614	0.151	0.188	1.295	1.104 – 1.520	0.001*	0.040**
rs6031543	0.152	0.145	0.945	0.796 – 1.121	0.517	1.000
rs2144908	0.148	0.179	1.260	1.070 – 1.484	0.006*	0.240
rs6031550	0.234	0.209	0.870	0.754 – 1.005	0.058	0.232
rs6031551	0.234	0.215	0.900	0.778 – 1.041	0.154	1.000
rs6031552	0.233	0.205	0.849	0.734 – 0.982	0.028	1.000
rs3212172	0.149	0.158	1.068	0.902 – 1.265	0.443	1.000
rs1800963	0.404	0.418	1.060	0.935 – 1.202	0.362	1.000

Distribution of the genotyped SNPs minor allele frequencies. Allelic association for individual SNPs was carried out using logistic regression by fitting an additive model. CI=confidence interval; MAF=minor allele frequency; CD= Crohn’s disease.

P <0.05.

The P values adjusted for rs1884613 and rs1884614 retained significance after correcting for multiple comparisons (40 tests).

Single SNP Analysis in Combined Cohorts

The descriptive and clinical characteristics of participants of the combined discovery and replication cohorts are shown in Table 2. Association analysis revealed a significant association for 3 of the 6 SNPs associated in the discovery cohort, namely rs1884613 (OR: 1.389, P<0.0001), rs1884614 (OR: 1.295, P<0.001) and rs2144908 (OR: 1.260, P<0.006) (Table 4). After correction for multiple testing (40 test), the association for rs1884613 and rs1884614 remained significant (respectively P<0.004 and P<0.04).

Haplotype Analysis

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis (Figure 2) showed that the SNPs were distributed within six major haplotype blocks: a first block including 8 SNPs overlapping Promoter 2 and spanning on a 14 kb region (rs4810424, rs1884613, rs1884614, rs6031543, rs2144908, rs6031550, rs6031551, rs6031552); a second block of 2 adjacent intronic SNPs (rs6103716 and rs6031558); a third block of 3 SNP (3 kb) in the intronic region between both promoters (rs6130608, rs2425637, rs2425639); a fourth block of 2 SNPs (4 kb) also located in the intronic region between the 2 promoters (rs2071197 and rs736824); a fifth block of 2 intronic SNPs (rs745975 and rs3212183, respectively in introns 1 and 2); and finally a sixth block of 3 SNPs (5 kb) located in introns 3 and 4 (rs3212195 and rs3212198). Table 5 shows the results of the haplotype analyses performed on the SNPs within each block of LD in the discovery cohort. One 8-marker haplotype was significantly associated with CD (haplotype CGTCACTC, χ2=8.276, P<0.004). Subsequently, association analysis was replicated for the significant P2 promoter haplotype. In the replication cohort, the association with the CGTCACTC haplotype remained significant (χ2=8.266, P<0.004) (Table 5). Combining both cohorts, the significant association was also replicated (χ2=19.997, P<7.755 × 10−6), even after correcting for 27 haplotype comparisons (P<2.09 × 10−4). Moreover, a second haplotype was found significantly associated with CD (GCCCGTCA, (χ2=4.038, P<0.045) when both cohorts were combined.

Figure 2

Illustration of the 6 Major Haplotype Blocks in the HNF4A Gene

Linkage disequilibrium plot in the HNF4A region is displayed. Haplotype analysis was carried out using HAPLOVIEW Software version 3.11.

Table 5

Distribution of Haplotype Frequencies for Controls and Crohn’s Disease Subjects in Discovery and Combined Cohorts

Haplotype	Frequency Controls	Frequency CD	P Value
Discovery Cohort
Block 1
GCCCGCTC	0.616	0.585	0.193
CGTCACTC	0.143	0.195	0.004*
GCCGGTCA	0.145	0.134	0.532
GCCCGTCA	0.075	0.062	0.265
Block 2
AG	0.373	0.356	0.469
CG	0.314	0.343	0.193
AC	0.313	0.300	0.572
Block 3
TTG	0.522	0.531	0.727
CGA	0.257	0.249	0.700
TGA	0.204	0.211	0.732
Block 4
GT	0.606	0.603	0.897
GC	0.300	0.299	0.972
AC	0.091	0.097	0.681
Block 5
CC	0.471	0.457	0.568
CT	0.304	0.306	0.909
TT	0.224	0.233	0.645
Block 6
GGC	0.405	0.394	0.640
GGT	0.362	0.366	0.859
AAT	0.224	0.230	0.760
Replication Cohort
Block 1
GCCCGCTC	0.593	0.608	0.453
CGTCACTC	0.130	0.171	0.004*
GCCGGTCA	0.140	0.143	0.869
GCCCGTCA	0.089	0.071	0.128
Combined Cohorts
Block 1
GCCCGCTC	0.600	0.595	0.755
CGTCACTC	0.136	0.185	7.755 × 10−6**
GCCGGTCA	0.142	0.139	0.775
GCCCGTCA	0.083	0.067	0.045*

Haplotype analyses were performed on the SNPs within each block of high linkage disequilibrium. Haplotype analysis was carried out using HAPLOVIEW Software, version 3.11, with haplotype blocks created using the confidence interval feature. The association of specific haplotypes within blocks with the outcome was examined and P values were estimated. CD= Crohn’s disease.

P<0.05;

P<2.09 × 10−4 after correcting for 27 haplotype comparisons.

Oxidant and Antioxidant Status

To assess the oxidative status of CD patients in comparison to controls and according to their rs1884613 genotype, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured. Results show that MDA levels were significantly elevated in CD subjects compared to controls (P<0.0001) (Figure 3A), but no significant difference was noted when MDA levels were separated according to rs18834613 genotype (Figure 3B).

Figure 3

Oxidative Stress Status in Control and Crohn’s Disease Subjects

Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was assessed in Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients compared to healthy controls (A) and according to their rs1884613 genotype (B). Plots indicate individual MDA levels and means ± SEM are specified. *P<0.0001 vs. controls.

Subjects’ antioxidant profile was assessed by measuring plasma retinol, β-carotene, γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol. Compared to controls, the plasma concentrations of β-carotene were reduced in CD (P<0.0001) (Figure 4A), while retinol (Figure 4B) and γ-tocopherol (Figure 4C) levels were elevated (P<0.0001 and P<0.001, respectively). No significant difference was observed in α-tocopherol levels (Figure 4D). Figure 5 shows the differences in vitamin levels according to the rs1884613 genotype in CD subjects. A tendency of lower levels of retinol, γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol was observed in the homozygote carriers of the rare allele (G), but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Importantly, a large inter-individual disparity was observed in these experiments.

Figure 4

Antioxidant Vitamins Status in Control and Crohn’s Disease Subjects

Plasma levels of β-carotene (A), retinol (B), γ-tocopherol (C) and α-tocopherol (D) were quantified in controls and Crohn’s Disease (CD) patients. Plots indicate individual vitamin levels and means ± SEM are specified. *P<0.0011; **P<0.0001 vs. controls.

Figure 5

Antioxidant Vitamins Status According to rs1884613 Genotype

Plasma levels of β-carotene (A), retinol (B), γ-tocopherol (C) and α-tocopherol (D) were compared among the rs1884613 genotypes. Plots indicate individual vitamin levels and means ± SEM are specified.

DISCUSSION

This is the first study reporting an association between genetic variants in the HNF4A gene and risk for CD. In a discovery study, we found that 6 HNF4A SNPs were significantly associated with CD. In a replication study performed on distinct cohorts of CD subjects and controls, one SNP (rs1884613) remained significantly associated with CD. Combining both cohorts, the single SNP analysis demonstrated significant associations for 3 of the 6 SNPs (rs1884613, rs1884614, rs2144908), due to the gain in power. The associations for rs1884613 and rs1884614 remained significant after correcting for multiple testing. Moreover, haplotype analyses underlined the association between CD and a 8-marker haplotype containing the SNPs found to be associated in the single SNP analysis.

In line with our findings, recent studies have provided evidence for a role of HNF4α in inflammation (33). Our group has previously explored the effects of HNF4α knockdown gene expression in an intestinal epithelial cell model and found that reduced HNF4α gene and protein expression amplified lipid peroxidation, reduced cellular antioxidant defences and increased cellular vulnerability to iron-ascorbate-generating oxidative stress (34). In line with our observations, HNF4α expression was significantly decreased in patients with IBD (39). Furthermore, dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was more severe in the intestine-specific HNF4α knockout mouse model that was characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (39). Darsigny and collaborators reported that loss of HNF4α affects colonic ion transport and causes chronic inflammation resembling IBD in a knockout mouse model (33). Finally, a crosstalk between HNF4α and NF-κB was reported (40, 41), supporting its role in inflammation.

We believe our findings are of high interest in view of the association between the HNF4A region and the risk of UC revealed in a whole genome study (35). This association was seen at rs6017342, which maps 5 kb distal to the 3′ untranslated region of the HNF4A gene, within a recombination hot spot. However, rs6017342 was not in high LD with the identified variant associated with CD in our study (rs1884613). In fact, none of the SNPs associated with CD in the discovery study were in strong LD with rs6017342, which can be explained by the fact that rs60317342 is located within a recombination hot spot. In addition, in the GWAS United Kingdom (UK) cohort, the rs60317342 locus did not show any association to CD, suggesting that different signals on the HNF4A gene are associated with different types of IBD. Hence, it is possible that the associations are independent and it is also probable that they may even be linked to different genes within the 12q12-13 region. Cryptic differences in the genetic structure of the French-Canadian “founder” population, compared to the UK population used in the GWAS, could also explain the different associations in the HNF4A locus. Moreover, it has been put forward that some genes/loci may be specific to early onset CD patients (42) and that new variants in many genes could have been missed by GWAS in this specific population (43).

Under the control of its 2 promoters, the HNF4A gene encodes a total of 9 isoforms (44) with various 3′ truncations. The liver-specific P1 promoter drives the expression of transcripts HNF4α1 to 6 which include exons 1A and 2–10 (HNF4α1 to 3) or exons 1A, 1B and 2–10 (HNF4α4 to 6). Transcripts HNF4α7 to 9 are expressed from the pancreatic P2 promoter located approximately 46 kb upstream of the HNF4α transcription start and exhibit splicing of the upstream exon 1D to exon 2, without the inclusion of sequences from either exon 1A or 1B (45). The observed genetic variations in our study suggest a contribution of the P2 promoter in HNF4α implication in regulating inflammatory processes.

In our study, the P2 promoter variant rs1884613 was the only one that was replicated in a second independent cohort of cases and controls. This P2-promoter genetic variant has been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in several studies, pointing out to HNF4α’s potential role in inflammation. In fact, rs1884613 was found to be associated with T2DM in Ashkenazi (46), Mexican American (47), and Scandinavian populations (48). Moreover, a link between rs1884613 and insulin resistance was noted (49). However, the association with T2DM was not replicated in UK (46) and a Finnish population (36), nor in a broader meta-analysis with additional populations (50).

The identification of HNF4α, which has been associated with MODY1 and T2DM, as a CD susceptibility gene is in line with the recent concept of shared genetic determinants for clinically distinct disorders (51). GWAS have identified several genes conferring susceptibility to multiple conditions such as CD, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type I diabetes (52). It has been suggested that there may be a general set of susceptibility genes for autoimmunity, which are modulated by disease-specific genes, as well as the host’s human leukocyte antigen status. A specific combination of polymorphisms, combined with environmental factors, could determine the type of disease developed by a subject (53).

To predict the effect of the P2 promoter SNP rs1884613, we investigated the impact on putative transcription factor binding sites. Our in silico analyses show that variations in that SNP could theoretically modify the binding of the ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1), a transcription factor involved in DNA repair by modulating p53 transcription (54) and associated with immune tolerance (55). Thus, studying the impact of rs1884613 and other P2 promoter SNPs on HNF4α gene expression and function might help understand the role of this gene in inflammation and IBD.

During liver development, HNF4α regulates the expression of cell adhesion proteins (56). It also provokes the expression of tight-junction adhesion molecules and the modulation of subcellular distribution of junction and cell polarity proteins, resulting in junction formation and epithelial polarization in embryonal carcinoma cells (57). Moreover, using an adult mouse model lacking HNF4α in the intestinal epithelium, HNF4α was shown to play a pivotal role in the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, in the epithelial cell architecture, and in intestinal barrier function (58). These results underline the potential role of HNF4α in epithelial integrity in IBD physiopathology.

In an attempt to explore the mechanisms behind the rs1884613-(G/G) haplotype, we measured oxidative stress biological markers in controls and CD subjects. CD patients displayed higher oxidative stress status, as documented by the elevated MDA levels and the reduced β-carotene. Yet, the average plasma γ-tocopherol was increased in subjects with CD; such elevation in CD was previously described in the literature (59). Although no significant difference was observed in MDA and vitamin levels in the case of rs1884613 genotype, an apparent trend was noted for the levels of retinol, γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol when compared to CC and CG genotypes. Discriminating patients according to C-reactive protein levels or disease activity could not contribute to explain the differences in antioxidant levels (data not shown). Given the limited number of patients with the rare genotype available in our study, larger cohorts are needed to focus on this aspect.

In conclusion, our results suggest that the HNF4A locus may be a common genetic determinant of CD, but its relative contribution may differ between populations. Further replication of these data in international IBD cohorts is necessary to estimate the effect of the HNF4α polymorphisms on risks for CD and UC. Functional studies are also necessary to investigate the impact of the aforementioned genetic variants on HNF4α protein functions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Subjects

For the discovery cohort, patients were recruited from the IBD clinics of tertiary pediatric and adult hospitals in Montreal (CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal General, Royal Victoria and Montreal Children’s Hospitals) between June 30, 2008 and January 20, 2010. For the replication cohort, patients were those diagnosed and followed at the pediatric gastroenterology clinics of 3 hospitals across Canada: CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; the British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital, Vancouver; and the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa. These patients were recruited from January 1st, 2003 to June 30, 2011. The diagnosis of CD was confirmed based on standard clinical, endoscopic, radiologic and histopathologic criteria (60, 61). Clinical and demographic information acquired included age at diagnosis, gender, and ethnicity. Disease location and clinical phenotype were classified according to World Gastroenterology Organization’s Montreal classification (L1, ileum; L2, colon; L3, ileocolon; L4, upper GI tract; B1, non-stricturing and non-penetrating; B2, structuring; B3, penetrating; p, perianal modifier) (38). The designation of French Canadian, Jewish or other ethnicity was based on self-report. Self-identified race/ethnicity has previously been shown to highly correlate with genetic cluster categories (62). For all patients, blood or saliva was collected for DNA analysis. Controls were chosen from the 1999 Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey, a school-based survey of youth aged 9, 13 and 16 years providing DNA samples (63). The institutional Ethics Review Boards of all centers approved the study and informed consent was acquired from all participating subjects.

DNA Extraction

Genomic DNA was prepared from white blood cells, total blood or saliva with the Puregene® DNA Isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Inc) using methods described by the manufacturer.

DNA Variants Detection by Direct Sequencing

To identify SNPs present in our population, we first sequenced the HNF4A gene in a total of 40 French Canadian patients diagnosed with childhood-onset IBD (20 CD and 20 UC patients). The sequencing targeted the coding regions, the P1 promoter region (2.5 kb upstream exon 1a) and other regions containing SNPs previously associated with the risk of developing diseases, such as T2D and dyslipidemia (26, 36, 37, 50, 64, 65). In total, 30 fragments were sequenced. Genomic DNA (2 ng) was amplified in a total volume of 50 μl volume using 5 μl PCR Buffer (10 ×), 1.5 μl MgCl2 (50 mM), 2 μl dNTPs (2.5 mM), 0.4 μM of each corresponding primer (25 μM) and 1.0 units of Platinum™ Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen). The PCR amplifications were performed using a GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems) under the following profile: 35 cycles of amplification were used at 95 °C for 30 s, 58 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 45 s. Amplicons were verified on standard ethidium bromide stained 1.5% agarose gel. The specific primers for each fragment and the amplicon size are available upon request. Amplified fragments were sent to the McGill University Genome Quebec Innovation Center in Montreal for sequencing using Applied Biosystem’s 3730xl DNA Analyzer technology. Complete sequences were aligned, assembled and compared using the MultiAlign software (66). Visual inspection of chromatograms was used for identification of each candidate SNP.

Genotyping

Discovery Cohort

Based on sequencing results, identified SNPs were genotyped using the Luminex xMAP/Autoplex Analyser CS1000 system (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA). The 27 selected SNPs were amplified in a single multiplex assay and hybridized to Luminex MicroPlex® –xTAG Microspheres (67) for genotyping using allele-specific primer extension. Amplification and reaction conditions are available upon request. Allele calls were assessed and compiled using the Automatic Luminex Genotyping software (68). For quality control purposes, genotyping of a systematic random sample of 20% of the specimens was repeated.

Replication Cohort

Replication genotyping was performed on the SNPs significantly associated with CD in the discovery study (in the single SNP and haplotype analyses). In total, 10 SNPs were genotyped using Sequenom-based primer-extension methods. These methods are designed for high-throughput SNP genotyping. The platform has a high assay conversion rate (85%), high genotyping success rate (95%), and minimal error rates (0.5%–1%). Genotyping was carried out at the McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center in Montreal.

Biological Studies

Blood Samples

In order to examine the levels of plasma MDA and antioxidant vitamins, blood samples were collected in tubes containing 1 g EDTA/l. Plasma was separated immediately by centrifugation (700 g for 20 min at 4°C). CD patients were characterized according to their rs1884613 genotype.

Malondialdehyde

The amount of free MDA in plasma was determined by HPLC in 48 CD patients and 213 healthy controls using an improved method previously described by our unit (69).

Antioxidant Vitamins

The antioxidant profile was determined by measuring antioxidant vitamin levels (βcarotene, retinol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol) in 45 CD patients and 112 healthy controls using an improved method previously described by our unit (70).

In Silico Analysis

To explore the potential interaction between transcription factors and the HNF4α P2 promoter polymorphism rs1884613, we performed in silico analyses using the Genomatix MatInspector program (Genomatix Software GmbH, Munich, Germany) with a standard (0.75) core similarity. Transcription factor recognition site sequences were identified in the HNF4A gene region containing the SNP.

Statistical Analysis

Potential genotyping errors were assessed using chi-square (χ2) tests, which evaluate the deviation of each SNP from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Allelic association for individual SNPs was carried out using logistic regression by fitting an additive model. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared between cases and controls using χ2 tests and Fisher’s exact tests where appropriate. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. In addition to single SNP analysis, haplotype analysis was carried out. LD blocks were defined using the “single gamete rule” implemented in the HAPLOVIEW Software, version 3.11 (71). The association of specific haplotypes within blocks with the outcome was examined and P values were estimated. For the biological studies, statistical differences were assessed by Anova and Student’s two-tailed t test. P values <0.05 after correction for multiple hypotheses were considered significant in the genetic analysis based on the combined cohorts. Adjusting for multiple comparisons was made using Bonferroni methods separately for the single SNP and haplotype analysis for the combined analysis. For the single SNP analysis, we tested 24 SNPs in the discovery cohort, 10 in the replication cohort and 6 in the combined cohort, we therefore accounted for 40 comparisons. As for the haplotype analysis, we tested 19 haplotypes in the discovery cohort, 4 in the replication cohort and 4 in the combined cohort, thus we accounted for 27 comparisons.

Power Estimations

Based on findings of the discovery cohort, the power required to replicate associations in an independent cohort was made after considering the observed allele frequencies and odds ratios, assuming an alpha level of significance of 0.05, an available case sample of approximately 450 cases and a control population of approximately 1,300 subjects. Based on this pre-defined sample size, it was estimated that the replication cohort would have >80% power to replicate associations noted in the discovery cohort. Power analysis was carried out using QUANTO Software, version 1.2.4 (http://hydra.usc.edu/gxe).