OBJECTIVE: We performed a 10-year prospective follow-up of a childhood-ascertained (6-12 years), ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 140: combined type [ADHD-C] n = 93; inattentive type [ADHD-I] n = 47) plus a matched comparison group (N = 88). Girls were recruited from schools, mental health centers, pediatric practices, and via advertisements; extensive evaluations confirmed ADHD versus comparison status. METHOD: Ten-year outcomes (age range 17-24 years; retention rate = 95%) included symptoms (ADHD, externalizing, internalizing), substance use, eating pathology, self-perceptions, functional impairment (global, academic, service utilization), self-harm (suicide attempts, self-injury), and driving behavior. RESULTS: Participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD continued to display higher rates of ADHD and comorbid symptoms, showed more serious impairment (both global and specific), and had higher rates of suicide attempts and self-injury than the comparison sample, with effect sizes from medium to very large; yet the groups did not differ significantly in terms of eating pathology, substance use, or driving behavior. ADHD-C and ADHD-I types rarely differed significantly, except for suicide attempts and self-injury, which were highly concentrated in ADHD-C. Domains of externalizing behavior, global impairment, service utilization, and self-harm (self-injury and suicide attempts) survived stringent control of crucial childhood covariates (age, demographics, comorbidities, IQ). CONCLUSIONS: Girls with childhood ADHD maintain marked impairment by early adulthood, spreading from symptoms to risk for serious self-harm. Our future research addresses the viability of different diagnostic conceptions of adult ADHD and their linkages with core life impairments.
OBJECTIVE: We performed a 10-year prospective follow-up of a childhood-ascertained (6-12 years), ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 140: combined type [ADHD-C] n = 93; inattentive type [ADHD-I] n = 47) plus a matched comparison group (N = 88). Girls were recruited from schools, mental health centers, pediatric practices, and via advertisements; extensive evaluations confirmed ADHD versus comparison status. METHOD: Ten-year outcomes (age range 17-24 years; retention rate = 95%) included symptoms (ADHD, externalizing, internalizing), substance use, eating pathology, self-perceptions, functional impairment (global, academic, service utilization), self-harm (suicide attempts, self-injury), and driving behavior. RESULTS:Participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD continued to display higher rates of ADHD and comorbid symptoms, showed more serious impairment (both global and specific), and had higher rates of suicide attempts and self-injury than the comparison sample, with effect sizes from medium to very large; yet the groups did not differ significantly in terms of eating pathology, substance use, or driving behavior. ADHD-C and ADHD-I types rarely differed significantly, except for suicide attempts and self-injury, which were highly concentrated in ADHD-C. Domains of externalizing behavior, global impairment, service utilization, and self-harm (self-injury and suicide attempts) survived stringent control of crucial childhood covariates (age, demographics, comorbidities, IQ). CONCLUSIONS:Girls with childhood ADHD maintain marked impairment by early adulthood, spreading from symptoms to risk for serious self-harm. Our future research addresses the viability of different diagnostic conceptions of adult ADHD and their linkages with core life impairments.
Authors: J Biederman; S V Faraone; E Mick; S Williamson; T E Wilens; T J Spencer; W Weber; J Jetton; I Kraus; J Pert; B Zallen Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1999-08 Impact factor: 8.829
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Authors: Leanne Tamm; Jeffery N Epstein; Krista M Lisdahl; Brooke Molina; Susan Tapert; Stephen P Hinshaw; L Eugene Arnold; Katerina Velanova; Howard Abikoff; James M Swanson Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2013-08-11 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Sheila E Crowell; Brian R Baucom; Elizabeth McCauley; Natalia V Potapova; Martha Fitelson; Heather Barth; Cindy J Smith; Theodore P Beauchaine Journal: J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol Date: 2013-04-14
Authors: Brooke S G Molina; Stephen P Hinshaw; L Eugene Arnold; James M Swanson; William E Pelham; Lily Hechtman; Betsy Hoza; Jeffery N Epstein; Timothy Wigal; Howard B Abikoff; Laurence L Greenhill; Peter S Jensen; Karen C Wells; Benedetto Vitiello; Robert D Gibbons; Andrea Howard; Patricia R Houck; Kwan Hur; Bo Lu; Sue Marcus Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2013-02-08 Impact factor: 8.829