The basal ganglia-orofacial system: studies on neurobehavioral plasticity and sensory-motor tuning.

We have employed the unilateral removal of the vibrissae as a tool to examine ensuing behavioral changes in relation to concomitant changes in the central nervous system. In this paper we review a series of studies showing that unilateral removal of the vibrissae leads to behavioral asymmetries (e.g., in thigmotactic scanning) from which rats recover over time. Time-related to these behavioral changes we found neuronal alterations in striatal afferents, that is, in uncrossed and crossed projections from the substantia nigra and the tuberomammillary nucleus. The involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms was indicated by results showing that dopaminergic agonists can induce asymmetries in thigmotactic scanning and turning; the direction of these asymmetries was also dependent on time after vibrissae removal. Furthermore, it was shown that endogenous preferential use of one vibrissae side in thigmotactic scanning interacts with the expression of spontaneous and drug-induced behavioral asymmetries exhibited after unilateral vibrissae removal. Neurochemical studies indicated that both unilateral vibrissae removal and unilateral perioral stimulation can have lateralized effects on biogenic amines in the brain. Finally, using electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra, evidence was found for a lateralized and bidirectional interaction between basal ganglia and the orofacial systems, indicating an involvement in mechanisms of motivation and particular stimulation. These results are important from several perspectives. One, they indicate functional links between the orofacial systems and the basal ganglia. Two, they raise the possibility that unilateral removal of the vibrissae can serve as a model (a) to investigate the dynamics of recovery of function after CNS insults, in general, and specifically, (b) to study neuronal plasticity in the nigrostriatal and tuberomammillary-striatal pathways, and (c) to investigate the neuropharmacology of catecholamine systems in the brain.