BACKGROUND: Chronic hypoxia is associated with remodeling in various organs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (Nox), and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced remodeling. The aims of this study were to determine in hypoxia-stimulated nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDF) the effect of hypoxia on the differentiation of myofibroblasts, the role of ROS, the major Nox homolog mediating myofibroblast differentiation, and the role of TGF-β(1). METHODS: Eight primary cultures of NPDF were established from nasal polyps, which were incubated under hypoxic conditions. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for αSMA, Nox1, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, and fibronectin mRNA was performed. Western blotting for α-SMA and fibronectin was done. ROS production was detected using a fluorometer. NPDF were pretreated with ROS scavengers and transfected with siNox4. The TGF-β(1) protein level was measured by ELISA. The effect of treatment with TGF-β(1) type I tyrosine kinase inhibitor SB431542 on myofibroblast differentiation was observed. RESULTS: Hypoxic stimulation of NPDF significantly increased α-SMA and fibronectin mRNA and protein expression. ROS production was increased by hypoxia, and ROS scavengers inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Nox4 mRNA was the only Nox homolog increased by hypoxia. Transfection with siNox4 inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-β(1) was secreted endogenously by hypoxic NPDF. SB431542 significantly inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxia induces myofibroblast differentiation of NPDF through a signaling pathway involving Nox4-dependent ROS generation and TGF-β(1). Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against remodeling of nasal polyps.
BACKGROUND: Chronic hypoxia is associated with remodeling in various organs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (Nox), and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia-induced remodeling. The aims of this study were to determine in hypoxia-stimulated nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDF) the effect of hypoxia on the differentiation of myofibroblasts, the role of ROS, the major Nox homolog mediating myofibroblast differentiation, and the role of TGF-β(1). METHODS: Eight primary cultures of NPDF were established from nasal polyps, which were incubated under hypoxic conditions. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for αSMA, Nox1, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, and fibronectin mRNA was performed. Western blotting for α-SMA and fibronectin was done. ROS production was detected using a fluorometer. NPDF were pretreated with ROS scavengers and transfected with siNox4. The TGF-β(1) protein level was measured by ELISA. The effect of treatment with TGF-β(1) type I tyrosine kinase inhibitor SB431542 on myofibroblast differentiation was observed. RESULTS: Hypoxic stimulation of NPDF significantly increased α-SMA and fibronectin mRNA and protein expression. ROS production was increased by hypoxia, and ROS scavengers inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Nox4 mRNA was the only Nox homolog increased by hypoxia. Transfection with siNox4 inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. TGF-β(1) was secreted endogenously by hypoxic NPDF. SB431542 significantly inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS:Hypoxia induces myofibroblast differentiation of NPDF through a signaling pathway involving Nox4-dependent ROS generation and TGF-β(1). Therapies targeting Nox4 may be effective against remodeling of nasal polyps.