The SOX family of genes in cancer development: biological relevance and opportunities for therapy.

INTRODUCTION: It has been more that 20 years since the first SOX genes were discovered. Twenty SOX genes have now been identified in mammals and classified into groups with respect to protein identity. SOX family genes code for transcription factors that either activate or repress lineage-specific genes during embryonic development. Furthermore, SOX genes are altered in human genetic syndromes and malignancies, highlighting their involvement in development. AREAS COVERED: This paper reviews the role of SOX genes in embryonic development and human diseases, and describe their involvement in human cancers and possible use in cancer therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION: Since most SOX genes behave as oncogenes in many human cancers, their targeting has great therapeutic potential. However, novel specific therapies such as those recently developed against growth factor receptors based on monoclonal antibodies, small inhibitors and even small interfering RNA strategies are difficult to implement for transcriptional factors. Novel strategies are being developed to overcome some of these obstacles. Alternative approaches could indirectly tackle altered SOX genes by exploiting the related molecular networks.