Management and prevention of venous thromboembolism including surgery and the pregnant state.

As the spectrum of venous thromboembolic disease states demanding both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic prophylactic modalities continues to expand, the determination of the appropriate preventive regimen is of paramount importance. As a consensus develops regarding the clinical efficacy and safety of various antithrombotics for medical, surgical, and pregnant patients, clinicians must rely on existing evidence. For many populations, a definitive statement is difficult due to the heterogeneity of available study parameters. The development of a risk stratification may help to identify patients who will benefit from prophylaxis.